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Climate
The long-term pattern of weather in a particular area.
Subsistence agriculture
Farming system where farmers grow enough food to feed themselves and their families.
Commercial agriculture
Farming system where crops are grown for sale and profit.
Intensive agriculture
Agricultural practices that use a large amount of labor and capital relative to land area.
Extensive agriculture
Farming practices that use a large area of land with less intensive labor and capital.
Pastoral nomadism
A form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals.
Shifting cultivation
A farming system where land is cleared and cultivated for a few years before being abandoned.
Plantation
A large-scale farm that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale.
Mixed crop and livestock farming
An agricultural practice that combines crop production and livestock rearing.
Market gardening
The small-scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers sold directly to markets.
Dairy farming
A type of agriculture that focuses on the production of milk and dairy products.
Milk shed
The geographic area surrounding a dairy where milk can be produced and shipped.
Mediterranean Agriculture
A type of agriculture characterized by warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters.
Transhumance
The seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures.
Clustered settlements
A pattern of residential development in which houses are located close together.
Dispersed settlements
A pattern of residential development in which houses are spaced far apart.
Linear settlement
A settlement that develops along a linear feature such as a road or river.
Metes and bounds
A system of land surveying that uses natural landmarks for boundary descriptions.
Public Land Survey System
A system of surveying land in the U.S. that divides it into townships and ranges.
French long-lot system
A land division system that provides long, narrow lots along a river or road.
First Agricultural Revolution
The transition from hunting and gathering to farming and domestication of animals.
Animal domestication
The process of adapting wild animals for human use.
Plant domestication
The process of adapting wild plants for human use.
Fertile crescent
A historical region known for its rich soils and early agricultural development.
Columbian Exchange
The widespread exchange of plants, animals, culture, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.
Second Agricultural Revolution
A period of agricultural development that resulted in increased productivity through mechanization.
Crop rotation
The practice of rotating different crops on the same land to improve soil health.
Irrigation
The artificial application of water to land for agricultural purposes.
Third Agricultural Revolution
A period marked by the introduction of high-yield crops and advanced agricultural technologies.
Green Revolution
A significant increase in agricultural production using new technologies and crop varieties.
Genetically modified organisms (GMO)
Organisms whose genetic material has been altered for specific traits.
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