states of conciousness

study how brain signals translate into conscious awareness and mental processes

compare behavioral and physiological

cognitive neuroscientists

the state or quality of awareness

consciousness

our biological clock

occurs within a 24 hr day

age and lifestyle effect this

circadian rhythm

rapid eye movement

active sleep (dreaming)

REM

quiet sleep

NREM

brief transitional gateway from wakefulness to light sleep

Stage 1 NREM

sleep spindles

k-complexes

stage 2 NREM

slower, night terrors, very deep sleep, hardest to wake up from

stage 3 NREM

protects, helps recuperate, restores brain tissue, rebuilds memories, feeds creative thinking, promotes growth

why we sleep

predictor of depression

cause weight gain

suppress immune system

decrease reaction time

sleep deprivation

result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

cannot be restored by one long sleep

sleep debt

brain keeps accurate count of sleep debt for at least

2 weeks

if you are sleep deprived

add one hour of sleep each night

persistent problems in falling or staying asleep

insomnia

Uncontrollable sleep attacks straight to REM

narcolepsy

periodically stop breathing while asleep

decreased blood oxygen arouses them causing them to snort air for a few seconds

CPAP machines

associated w/ obesity

sleep apnea

infant stops breathing during sleep and dies

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

infants should be placed on their backs

no items that pose threat to suffocation

no caps on heads

abstain from smoking

SIDS prevention

happen in stage 3 nrem

typical in children

night terrors

t/f night terrors and nightmares are the same

false

occur in REM sleep

nightmares

occurs in NREM3

typically a childhood disorder

usually harmless

could be genetic

sleepwalking

muscle paralysis associated with REM sleep does not occur

REM behavior disorder

inability to move during the transition into or out of sleep

complete awareness of surroundings

feelings of suffocation, impending doom

associated with severe sleep deprivation

sleep paralysis

sequences of images, emotions, and thoughts that pass through a sleeping person's mind

dreams

when dreams occur in this stage they are more vivid and bizarre

REM

when dreams occur in this stage they are more realistic

NREM

whether or not a person remembers a dream depends on

which sleep cycle you wake in

file away memories

wish fulfillment (froidian theories)

develop and preserve neural pathways

refeltc cognitive development

reason for dreams

t/f most of us have likely used some form of drug in our lives

true

abruptly stopping drug use may lead to

withdrawal

can be fatal

just uncomfortable and distressing

withdrawal

lowering the dosage in a stepwise fashion

titration

depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens

drug categories

calm neural activity and slow body functions

depressants

alcohol, barbiturates, opiates

examples of depressants

slowed neural processing

memory Disruption

Self-Awareness and control isn't controlled

alcohol

t/f heroin was used to treat the common cold, coughs, and pain

true

excite neural activity and speed up body functions

stimulants

caffeine, nicotine, coke, meth, ecstacy

examples of stimulants

worlds most popular psychoactive drug

last 2-5 hrs

caffeine

one of the most addictive stimulants

pose many health risks

nicotine

high is much longer - sometimes 8 hrs

triggers release of dopamine (seizures, depression, violent outbursts, irritability)

methamphetamine

amphetamine derivative (stimulant and hallucinogen)

club drug (dehydration)

block reuptake of serotonin

distort perception

ecstacy (MDMA)

distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

hallucinogens

ecstacy, LSD, marijuana

examples of hallucinogens

created by chemist Albert Hoffman

good or bad trip

hallucinations are generally the same

similar to near-death experiences

LSD

hemp is used for its

fiber

leaves and flowers of marijuana plant contain

sold as marijuana

THC

difficult to classify

mildly hallucinogenic effects

experiences vary with the situation

marijuana