A&P 1 Final Exam Flash Cards

Autonomic Nervous system

Function: Involuntary nervous system, Transmits signals from CNS to: Cardiac Muscles, smooth muscles, glands, Homeostatic Maintenance

Sympathetic Nervous system

Function: responsible for "fight-or-flight"
Location: thoracolumbar region of spinal cord,
Preganglionic neurons found from T1-L2 or L3
Effectors: smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands, adipose tissue, Liver, blood vessels, pupils, hair follicles

parasympathetic nervous system

Function: rest and digestion
location: Craniosacral division (cranial nerves: oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus. Sacral: spinal nerves S2-S4
Effectors: eyes, salivary glands, heart, lungs, digestive system, bladder, reproductive organs

Preganglionic Sympathetic Fiber

transmit impulses from the spinal cord to the sympathetic ganglia. relatively short and myelinated and are close to the vertebral column

Preganglionic Parasympathetic Fibers

Long fibers, extend from CNS almost to target organs. Brainstem and Sacral region of the spinal cord. Preganglionic fibers have few branches

sympathetic ganglia and chains

Location: paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia. runs down the spine and contains ganglia connected by the nerve fibers

Parasympathetic ganglia and chains

Location: closer to the target organ they innervate

postganglionic fibers

sympathetic: long

parasympathetic: short

Acetylcholine

Released by Cholinergic fibers. released by all ANS preganglionic axons, all PSNS postganglionic axon at effector synapse, and SNS postganglionic axons at sweat glands

Norepinephrine

Adrenergic fibers, released on most SNS postganglionic axons (exception: SNS postganglionic axons secrete ACh at sweat glands)

Adrenergic fibers

nerve fibers that secrete norepinephrine.
receptors: Alpha and Beta

cholinergic fibers

fibers that release ACh
receptors: Nicotinic receptors and Muscarinic receptors

Autonomic Tone

the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity

Vasomotor tone

a moderate state of vasoconstriction in a blood vessel that sets the resting level of systemic vascular resistance

Parasympathetic tone

slows the heart, dictates normal activity levels of the digestive and urinary systems

Cooperative effects

two divisions act on different effectors to produce a unified overall effect

Antagonist effects

one hormone opposes the action of another

Hypertension

abnormally high blood pressure

Raynaud's disease

exaggerated vasoconstriction in fingers and toes

autonomic dyreflexia

uncontrolled activation of ANS neurons in quadriplegics and those with a spinal injury, blood pressure skyrockets

Endocrine system

Consists of glands that control many of the body's activities by producing hormones.

Calcium Hormone Homeostasis (Parathyroid Hormone)

Hormone that regulates calcium levels in the blood and is a key component of calcium homeostasis. Increases reabsorption in the kidneys and blocks phosphate reabsorption from the tubules

Antidieuretic Hormone (ADH)

Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to concentrated urine and increased blood volume.

Aldosterone

Promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys, influencing blood volume and blood pressure

ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)

hormone produced by the heart that helps regulate blood pressure and is important to the body's response to heart failure

lipid soluable hormones

-steroid and thyroid hormones
-act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes
-can enter cell

water soluble hormones

(all amino acid-based hormones except thyroid hormone)
Act on plasma membrane receptors
Act via G protein second messengers
Cannot enter cell

Hyposecretion diseases

Hypothyroidism- slowed metabolism, weight gain, depression, cold intolerance, dry skin

Addison's disease- weakness, fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, darkening of the skin, salt craving (adrenal hormone)

Diabetes Mellitus- high blood sugar, frequent urination, excessive thirst, weight loss, decreases TH production (insulin hormone)

Hypopituitarism- growth retardation in children, reduced sex hormone production, and decreased TH production (pituitary hormone)

Diabetes Insipidus- excessive thirst and urination due to inability to concentrate urine

pituitary dwarfism- short stature, low blood sugar

Kallmann syndrome- testicular atrophy, anosmia (hypogonadism in males)

Hypersecretions diseases

Hyperthyroidism- increased metabolic rate, weight loss, anxiety, palpitations, and heat intolerance (Thyroid hormone). Grave's disease, an autoimmune disorder is most common cause

Cushing's syndrome- weight gain, buffalo hump, moon face, high blood pressure, and increased susceptibility to infections (cortisol excess)

Acromegaly- enlargement of hands, feet, and facial features, along with other growth abnormalities (growth hormone)

Hyperparathyroidism- high calcium levels in blood, leading to bone loss, kidney stones, and muscle weakness (parathyroid hormone)

Hyperaldosteronism- high blood pressure, low potassium levels, muscle weakness (aldosterone excess)

SIADH- syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion, retention of fluid, headache, disorientation

Pituitary gigantism- before puberty, excessive growth, increased blood sugar, and enormous internal organs

Hyperprolactinemia- females: amenorrhea, galactorrhea, anovulation, hirsutism, osteopenia. males: hypogonadism, erectile dysfunction, impaired libido, oligospermia, diminished ejaculate, testicular atrophy

Oxytocin

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

Up-regulation

Increase number of receptors, increases sensitivity to hormone, sometimes occurs when blood hormone levels are LOW

Down-regulation

decreased number of receptors, decreased hormone sensitivity, sometimes occurs when blood levels of hormone are HIGH

Humoral stimuli

changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulate secretion of hormones

Neural stimuli

nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

Hormonal stimuli

Hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones

Hypophyseal portal system

blood travels from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. Drain primary plexus and transport to secondary plexus

Endocrine Diagram

Hypothalamo-pituitary target organs relationship

Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland

ANS diagram