Biology 277: Cardiovascular System, Lymphatic System

Blood

Fluid connective tissue transported by the cardiovascular system, consisting of formed elements in a plasma matrix.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide, containing hemoglobin for gas exchange.

Leukocytes

White blood cells involved in immune responses and defense against pathogens.

Platelets

Cell fragments crucial for blood clotting and hemostasis.

Functions of Blood

Including transportation of respiratory gases, nutrients, waste, regulation of body conditions, and protection.

Plasma

The liquid component of blood, comprising water, plasma proteins, and various solutes.

Hematopoiesis

The process of blood cell formation occurring in the red bone marrow.

Erythropoiesis

The production of red blood cells from myeloid stem cells under the influence of EPO hormone.

Leukopoiesis

The formation of white blood cells from myeloid or lymphoid stem cells.

Thrombopoiesis

The generation of platelets from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.

Pulmonary Circulation

Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the IVC and SVC, passes through the right AV valve, enters the right ventricle, and continues through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs for gas exchange.

Systemic Circulation

Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium, passes through the left AV valve, enters the left ventricle, and is distributed to the body through systemic arteries before returning to the heart via systemic veins.

Coronary Circulation

Supplies the heart muscle with oxygenated blood through coronary arteries like the right coronary artery and left coronary artery, and drains deoxygenated blood via coronary veins to the coronary sinus.

Heart Conduction System

Includes the SA node, AV node, AV bundle, and Purkinje fibers, responsible for initiating and conducting electrical signals that regulate heart contractions.

Cardiac Cycle

Describes the sequence of events in the heart, including atrial and ventricular filling, contraction, ejection, and relaxation, leading to the pumping of blood through the circulatory system.

Cardiac Output

The amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in one minute, determined by heart rate and stroke volume, influencing the overall circulation efficiency.

Blood Vessels

Arteries, capillaries, and veins with distinct structures and functions, forming pathways for blood flow and regulating processes like filtration, absorption, and bulk flow.

Local Blood Flow Regulation

Involves factors like vascularization, angiogenesis, myogenic response, and local regulatory factors that control blood vessel diameter and blood flow in specific tissues.

Blood Pressure

The force exerted by blood against vessel walls, influenced by factors like arterial blood pressure, venous blood pressure, and mechanisms like the skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump.

Peripheral Resistance

Amount of friction blood experiences traveling through blood vessels.

Viscosity

Resistance of fluid to its flow - less viscosity equals less resistance; more viscosity equals more resistance.

Vessel length

The longer the vessel, the greater the resistance.

Vessel radius

Smaller radius equals more resistance; bigger radius equals less resistance.

Regulation of Blood Pressure and Flow (ANS)

Mechanisms involving baroreceptors, cardioacceleratory center, cardioinhibitory center, vasomotor center, vasoconstriction, and vasodilation.

Chemoreceptor Reflexes

Aortic and carotid bodies sending signals to the cardiovascular center based on CO2, pH, and O2 levels.

Renin-Angiotensin System

Involves kidney detection of low BP, renin enzyme release, conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, and actions of angiotensin II, ACE, aldosterone, and ADH.

Higher Brain Centers

Influence on blood pressure by the hypothalamus and limbic system.

Blood Flow Distribution During Exercise

Effects on blood flow due to stronger heartbeat and skeletal muscle activity.

Pulmonary Circulation

Characteristics of pulmonary arteries, vessels, and differences from systemic circulation.

Hepatic Portal System

Routing of blood from digestive organs to the liver and back to the heart.

Fetal Circulation

Path of blood flow in fetal circulation and the role of specific fetal vessels.

Lymphatic System

Functions, components like lymph vessels, lymphoid tissues, lymphoid organs, lymph, and lymph capillaries.

Lymphatic Vessels

Structure, movement of lymph, and reliance on various pumps for lymph flow.

Lymphatic Trunks

Different trunks like jugular, subclavian, bronchomediastinal, intestinal, and lumbar trunks.

Lymphatic Ducts

Right lymphatic duct, thoracic duct, and cisterna chyli in the lymphatic system.

Lymphoid Tissues and Organs

Primary and secondary lymphoid structures, including red bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and MALT.