VCE Health and Human Development QUESTIONS BANK 2025 ( 149 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS )

behavioural determinants

actions or patterns of living of an individual or a group that impact on health

name three behavioural determinants

tobacco use

dietary choices

levels of physical activity

bilateral aid

aid given from one country to another with consultation to ensure that the aid meets the needs of the targeted population

example of bilateral aid

Australia giving money to Indonesia to build schools

biological determinants

factors relating to the structure of cells, tissues and systems of the body and how adequately they function

name three biological determinants

genetics

body weight

cholesterol levels

biomedical model of health

a medical model of care practiced by doctors and health professionals; focuses on the diagnosis, treatment and cure of illness or disease once symptoms appear

strengths of the biomedical model of health (4)

advances in technology and research

effective treatment

extends life expectancy

improves quality of life

limitations of the biomedical model of health (4)

costly, due to reliance on professional health workers and technology

doesn't always promote good health

not every condition can be treated

not always affordable

burden of disease

a measure of the impact of disease and injuries on individuals or populations; specifically it measure the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability; measured in a unit called DALY

determinants of health (def)

factors that raise or lower a level of health in a population or individual; help to explain or predict trends in health and differences in health

determinants of health (4)

biological

physical environment

social

behavioural

disability adjusted life year (DALY)

a measure of burden of disease; one DALY equals one year of life lost due to premature death (YLL) and time lived with illness, disease or injury (YLD)

emergency aid

rapid assistance given to people or countries in immediate distress to relieve suffering during and after man-made or natural emergencies or disasters

example of emergency aid

warehouse of emergency supplies in Brisbane that are ready to be flown out in the event of a crisis

food security

adequate access to affordable, nutritious, culturally appropriate and safe food regularly through non-emergency sources

global health

the health of populations in a world wide context that goes beyond the needs of individual countries; it is about an international collaborative approach to achieving equality in health for all people worldwide

health

'a complete state of physical, social and mental wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity' (WHO, 1946)

health adjusted life expectancy (HALE)

a measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health; it is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of ill health and mortality

health status

an individual's or a population's overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors

human development

creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests; it is about expanding people's choices and enhancing capabilities, having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives

human development index

a tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries' levels of social and economic development

single statistic based on four indicators:

life expectancy at birth

mean years of schooling (for those over 25)

mean expected years of schooling (for children of school entrance age)

gross national income (GNI) per capita

and three dimensions:

health

education

living standards

life expectancy

an indication of how long a person can expect to live; it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change

mental dimension of health

state of wellbeing in which the individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community

limitations of the human development index (HDI)

limitations of the WHO mortality strata

- doesn't take female mortality rates, a vulnerable population, into account

- doesn't measure human development, only mortality rates

- broad strata

- lacks detail

name three aspects of the mental dimension of health

self-esteem

thought patterns

stress levels

morbidity

refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group

WHO mortality strata

classifies countries in one of five mortality strata based on the mortality rates of children (0-5) and adult males (19-59)

multilateral aid

combined donations from a number of countries is distributed as aid by an international organisation (World Bank, United Nations, World Health Organisation)

example of multilateral aid

World Bank running a immunisation program in Zambia

NGO aid

aid given by organisations that are independent to the government; often focused on long-term, community based projects that fill the gaps in bilateral and multilateral aid

Ottawa Charter definition of health promotion

'the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health' (WHO, 1998)

Ottawa Charter strategies for health promotion

advocate

enable

mediate

physical dimension of health

relates to the efficient functioning of the body and it's systems, and includes the physical capacity to perform tasks and physical fitness

name three aspects of the physical dimension of health

body weight

energy levels

immune system

physical environment determinants

the physical surroundings in which we live, work and play, including natural and man made infrastructure

name three physical environment determinants

air quality

climate/climate change

housing

prevalence

the number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time

social determinants

aspects of society and the social environment that impact on health

name three social determinants

socioeconomic status (SES)

occupation/unemployment

social exclusion

social dimension of health

being able to interact with others and participate in the community in both an independent and cooperative way

name three aspects of the social dimension of health

friends

family

productive relationships

social model of health

an approach to healthcare that attempts to address the broader influences on health (cultural, environmental, social and economic) rather than the disease or injury itself

key principles of the social model of health (5)

addresses the broader determinants of health

involves intersectoral collaboration

acts to reduces social inequities

acts to enable access to healthcare

empowers individuals and communities

sustainability (def)

'...meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.' (UN, 1987)

types of sustainability (3)

environmental

economic

social

U5MR

under five mortality rate: the number of deaths of children under 5 years of age per 1000 live births

values that underpin Australia's health system (7)

effective

efficient

responsive

accessible

safe

continuous

sustainable

build up of plaque on the walls of the blood vessels

atherosclerosis

MDG 1 (name + purpose + why?)

eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

purpose:

reduce the proportion of people living on less than US$1 a day; achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all (including women and young people); reduce the proportion of people suffering from hunger

why?

lack of income leads to lack of access to food, health care and education; poverty results in high morbidity and mortality rates from preventable causes; lack of income reduces the capacity for a country to develop its economy

MDG 2 (name + purpose + why?)

achieve universal primary education

purpose:

access to education for males and females; improve literacy and numeracy skills; promote the skills and knowledge necessary to engage in health promoting behaviour

why?

literacy = employment = income; understanding of health promotion

MDG 3 (name + purpose + why?)

promote gender equality and empower women

purpose:

raise the SES of women through education; greater decision making power for themselves, their communities and their countries

why?

access to higher paid/safer employment; take better care of families; pass knowledge onto children

MDG 4 (name + purpose + why?)

reduce child mortality

purpose:

reduce U5MR

why?

preventable through existing, inexpensive means

MDG 5 (name + purpose + why?)

improve maternal health

purpose:

reduce the number of deaths of women that occur due to pregnancy and childbirth; increase access to reproductive services

why?

reducing risk of complications reduces MMR, enables women to continue in caregiving role, women are better able to take care of themselves and their children

MDG 6 (name + purpose + why?)

combat HIV/AIDs, malaria and other diseases

purpose:

reduce the morbidity/mortality rates from HIV/AIDs, malaria and other diseases

why?

HIV can be reduced through education and behaviour change; anti-retroviral drugs enable people to continue working; simple/cost-effective methods can reduce transmission of malaria

MDG 7 (name + purpose + why?)

ensure environmental sustainability

purpose:

improve lives of slum dwellers; protect valuable natural resources; increase access to clean water/basic sanitation

why?

to not compromise the abilities of future generations to meet their own needs; clean water/sanitation reduces spread of malaria/diarrhoea; reduces slum dwellers risk of malnutrition, disease and injury/violence

MDG 8 (name + purpose + why?)

develop a global partnership for development

purpose:

ensure trade agreements don't discriminate; provide aid through Official Development Assistance (ODA); reduce debt; access to essential drugs; access to new technologies

why?

develop economy; better meet the needs of population; allocate funds to health services and infrastructure; treatment of conditions; gain information from technology

optimal health

the best level of health that an individual can realistically achieve

health indicators

statistics that give information on the health status of groups and populations

mortality rate

the proportion of the population who die in a one year period, per 100,000

infant mortality rate

rate of deaths of infants between birth and their first birthday, per 1000 live births

maternal mortality rate

rate of deaths of pregnant women or who die within the first 42 days after giving birth/having a termination, per 100,000 live births

incidence

the number of NEW cases of a disease during a specified period of time

protective factors

determinants that reduce the risks of lifestyle related conditions or are otherwise beneficial to health

risk factors

determinants that increase the risks of lifestyle related conditions or are otherwise harmful to health

SES

socioeconomic status, based on occupation, income and education

variations in health status in Australia

males

Indigenous Australians

rural and remote populations

people of low SES backgrounds

males (stats)

more likely to die at every lifespan stage, life expectancy 5 years less

Indigenous Australians (stats)

life expectancy 11 years less, twice the infant mortality

Syndrome X

collection of disease that gives an increase of six times the average rate of premature death; includes heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, renal (kidney) failure

people of low SES backgrounds (stats)

lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality

rural and remote populations (stats)

lower life expectancy, higher mortality rates

why are NHPAs selected?

they contribute significantly to the burden of disease

the conditions are preventable

potential to reduce health inequalities between population groups

potential for a range of strategies to be implemented

direct costs to the community (3)

implementing health promotion programs

Medicare

the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme

direct costs to the individual (5)

ambulance transport

diagnostic tests not covered by Medicare

doctor and specialist fees

surgery or hospital fees

pharmaceuticals

indirect costs to the community (3)

lost productivity

lost taxation revenue

social security payments

indirect costs to the individual (3)

transport costs

loss of income

need for home help

intangible costs to the community (3)

loss of community participation

emotional toll on family/friends

intangible costs to the individual (4)

loss of social participation

loss of self-esteem

pain and suffering

stress

obesity (def + program)

carrying excess body weight in the form of fat, BMI over 30

The Shape Up Australia Campaign (Federal Government); puts Shape Up logo on credible products, website offers resources

cardiovascular health

health of the heart and blood vessels, cardiovascular disease (hypertension, coronary heart disease)

The Heart Foundation Tick (The Heart Foundation); organisations who fit certain health criteria and pay a fee display the logo, enables consumers to select healthier food choices within categories

asthma

airways become inflamed and narrow, inhibiting breathing, when contact is made with a trigger (pollen, exercise, dust)

The Sensitive Choice Program (National Asthma Council Australia); low allergen products display a blue butterfly logo for a fee

injury prevention and control

the adverse effects on the body caused by a range of events, accidental (drowning/sporting/workplace) or intentional (attempted suicide/violence)

The National Road Safety Strategy 2011-2020 (The Australian Transport Council); aims to cut road tolls by at least 30% by 2020 by achieving four key objectives: safe roads, safe speeds, safe vehicles and safe people

cancer control

a general term for a number of difference conditions characterised by the uncontrolled mutation and growth of cells threatening to damage the other areas of the body, types focused on include: prostate cancer, breast cancer in females, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, non-melanoma, cancer of the cervix and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Sunsmart (Cancer Council Victoria and VicHealth); promotes awareness of the dangers of UV radiation through prevention campaigns such as Slip, Slop, Slap, Seek and Slide, advocates for policy change and uses evidence to back up claims

diabetes mellitus

chronic condition that causes blood glucose to be unable to be utilised correctly by the body, types include type 1, type 2 and gestational, can lead to blindness and kidney failure

Life! Taking Action on Diabetes (Victorian State Government); aims to prevent or aid in the early diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in Victorians over 50 and Aboriginals/Torres Strait Islanders, runs media campaigns, a website and a $50 eight month lifestyle change course for those at high risk

mental health

state of wellbeing in which the individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community; most common mental illnesses are anxiety and depression

Youthbeyondblue; encourages people to seek help and reduces stigma through work with schools, workplaces and community groups, promotes key messages: LOOK for the signs and symptoms, LISTEN to your friends experiences, TALK about what's going on and SEEK HELP together

dementia

used to describe over 100 conditions that are characterised by progressive and irreversible loss of brain function (language, personality, attention), types include: Alzheimer's, vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies and fronto temporal dementia

Your Brain Matters (Alzheimer's Australia); offers information about preventable risk factors (Brain/Body/Heart), BrainyApp allows people to assess their current risk levels and take steps to reduce that risk

arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

used to describe over 100 conditions including osteoarthritis, back problems and osteoporosis

Bone Health For Life (Jean Hailes for Women's Health); offers information and a quiz on treatment/diagnosis/prevention of osteoporosis, GPs can access information and activities about bone health promotion

macronutrients

required in large amounts

protein

fats

carbohydrates (including fibre)

micronutrients

required in small amounts

vitamins

minerals

LDL

low density lipoproteins, bad cholesterol

HDL

high density lipoproteins, good cholesterol

carbohydrates (function + 2 food sources)

converted into glucose to provide fuel for energy

potatoes

bread

fibre (function + 2 food sources)

regulates the functioning of the digestive system

bran flake cereal

fruit

protein (function + 2 food sources)

growth, maintenance and repair of body cells, fuel for energy

eggs

beef

water (function + 2 food sources)

many functions within the body e.g. temperature regulation

water

fruit

calcium (function + 2 food sources)

stored in the bones, blood, muscles and intracellular fluid, aids in achieving peak bone mass

milk

salmon

phosphorus (function + 2 food sources)

works with calcium to ossify bones

milk

eggs

sodium (function + 2 food sources)

regulates fluids (water/blood) in the body

table salt

olives