BIOL-101 Lesson 17: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
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Q: What organism did T. H. Morgan use to show that genes are located on chromosomes?
A: Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies).
Q: Why did scientists originally think proteins carried hereditary information?
A: Proteins have 20 amino acids → huge variety. DNA has only 4 bases, seemed too simple.
Q: What did Griffith’s experiment discover?
A: Bacterial transformation—something in dead S cells turned R cells into virulent S cells.
Q: Did Griffith discover that DNA was the genetic material?
A: No. He discovered transformation but didn’t know the molecule responsible.
Q: What question were Hershey & Chase trying to answer?
A: Whether DNA or protein is the genetic material in viruses.
Q: What radioactive element labels proteins in the Hershey–Chase experiment?
A: ³⁵S (sulfur) — proteins contain sulfur.
Q: What radioactive element labels DNA in the Hershey–Chase experiment?
A: ³²P (phosphorus) — DNA contains phosphorus.
Q: What did Hershey & Chase conclude?
A: DNA enters the cell and directs viral replication → DNA is the genetic material.
Q: What did Chargaff discover about DNA composition across species?
A: DNA varies between species — disproved the idea that DNA is too simple.
Q: Chargaff’s Rule #1?
A: %A = %T and %G = %C.
Q: Chargaff’s Rule #2?
A: DNA composition differs across species.
Q: What technique did Rosalind Franklin use to study DNA?
A: X-ray crystallography.
Q: What did Photo 51 reveal?
A: DNA is a double helix with uniform width and phosphates on the outside.
Q: Watson & Crick’s major contribution?
A: Built the double helix model based on existing data.
Q: What does antiparallel mean in DNA?
A: The two strands run in opposite directions: 5’→3’ and 3’→5’.
Q: Why does a purine always pair with a pyrimidine?
A: Maintains consistent width of the DNA helix.
Q: Which bases are purines?
A: A and G (two rings).
Q: Which bases are pyrimidines?
A: C and T (one ring).
Q: How many hydrogen bonds between A and T?
A: 2 (“A–T–2”).
Q: How many hydrogen bonds between C and G?
A: 3 (“C–G–3”).
Q: Where are sugar and phosphate located in DNA?
A: On the outside forming the backbone.
Q: Where are nitrogenous bases located?
A: On the inside, paired through H-bonds.
Q: What is the term for DNA being copied before cell division?
A: DNA replication (structure reveals the mechanism).
Q: Who got the Nobel Prize for the DNA model?
A: Watson, Crick, and Wilkins (Franklin did not).
Note 
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