Anatomy & Physiology Hearing/Speech Mechanics

Stage 1 of spoken communication

Neural

Stage 2 of Spoken Communication

Muscular

Stage 3 of spoken communication

Structural

Stage 4 of spoken communication

Aeromechanical

Stage 5 of spoken communication

acoustic

stage 6 of spoken communication

auditory mechanical

Stage 7 of Spoken communication

sensory

stage 8 of communication

neuroperceptual

Another word for anterior is…

ventral

another word for posterior is

dorsal

Define ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

The plane that divides the body into right and left parts is ..

sagital plane

The plane that divides the body into front and back parts is called the..

coronal

The anatomical plane that cuts the cerebral hemispheres into upper and lower halves is called the..

horizontal

A tendon is a type of….

connective tissue

The tissue that moves structures of the speech (and swallowing) mechanism is called…

skeletal

The tissue that covers internal and external surfaces of the body is called….

epithelial tissue

The two components of a motor unit are the…and it’s associated….

nerve….muscle fibers

A laryngeal muscle would be expected to have what type of innervation ratio?

small

A respiratory muscle would be expected to have what type of innervation ratio?

large

Clusters of cell bodies in the cerebral hemispheres in a fixed brain have what color?

gray

Bundles of axons in the brain have what color?

white

Bundles of axons within the central nervous system are called what?

tracts

Bundles of axons within the peripheral nervous system are called what?

nerves

Define ganglion

A cluster of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system, typically the first synapse for sensory information from the body prior to entering the central nervous system (e.g., the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord)

Define nucleus

A cluster of cell bodies within the central nervous system that usually shares functional properties (e.g., all cell bodies related to control of facial muscle contraction)

Angular gyrus

processes high-level language functions and mathematical concepts

Broca’s area

plans articulatory sequences

Primary auditory cortex

Contains basic auditory frequency analysis cells projected from the hair cells

Primary motor cortex

contains cells that control muscle contraction

Primary somatosensory cortex

contains cells that receive sensory information via ascending tracts, and ultimately from the thalamus

Supramarginal gyrus

integrates speech sounds and word meaning

Wernicke's area

Language-reception center of the cerebral hemispheres

What is A?

sylvain (lateral) fissure

What is B?

Broca’s area

what is C

Central fissure (fissure of Rolando)

What is D?

Primary motor cortex

What is E?

Primary somatosensory cortex

What is F?

Supramarginal gyrus

What is G?

angular gyrus

What is H?

Wernicke’s area

What is I?

Primary Auditory cortex

What are the descending tracts that course through the internal capsule ?

Corticobulbar tract, corticospinal, cortico-thalamic

The ascending tract that courses through the internal capsule is the…

thalamocortical fibers

The basal ganglia includes several subcortical nuclei, some of which are grouped together. Among these grouped nuclei, the lentiform nucleus includes what?

putamen, globus pallidus

What does the striatum include?

putamen and caudate

Where is the facial motor nucelus?

pons

Inferior colliculus location

midbrain

nucleus ambiguus location

medulla

motor nucleus of V location

Pons

Hypoglossal nucleus location

Medulla

The fiber tracts that connect the cerebellum to the spinal cord, brainstem, and thalamus are collectively called the

cerebellar peduncles

The cells that send signals to each other in the nervous system are called…

Neurons

The cells that serve a supporting function but do not send signals are called

glial cells

True or False?: Terminal segments of neurons typically contain only a single type of neurotransmitter

False

True or False?: A single postsynaptic membrane may have neurotransmitter receptors for many different neurotransmitters

True

True or False?:When a presynaptic membrane “dumps” neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft, the neurotransmitter that does not bind to a post-synaptic receptor cannot be reused

False

True or false?:A postsynaptic membrane may be exposed to many excitatory and inhibitory inputs at the same time

True

True or false:The resting membrane potential of a neural cell is positive.

False

True or false: The cell is depolarized when sodium (Na+) channels open and allow sodium into the cell

True

True or false: At the peak of the action potential, sodium (Na+) channels close and potassium (K+) channels open

True

True or false:When a cell is hyperpolarized, it primed to trigger another action potential

False

Is the Vestibulocochlear VIII motor, sensory or both?

Sensory only

Is the hypoglossal XII nerve motor, sensory or both?

Motor only

Is the accessory XI nerve motor, sensory, or both?

Motor only

Is the trigeminal V nerve sensory, motor or both?

Both

Is the Glossopharyngeal IX nerve sensory, motor or both?

both

Is the facial VII nerve sensory, motor or both?

Both

Is the vagus X nerve motor, sensory or both?

both

Trigeminal-V functions

1. sensation from face, teeth, palate, gums and anterior 2/3 of tongue

2. contraction of jaw openers/closers, contraction of mylohoid and tensor veli palatini muscles

Facial - VII

1. contraction of facial and stapedius muscles / control of salivatory glands

2. taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue and sensation of external ear

Vestibulocochlear -VIII function

sense audition and vestibular information

Glossopharyngeal IX- function

1. Taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue; sensation from parts of ear

2. Contraction of stylo-pharyngeus muscle -a slender, long muscle in the head and neck that helps lift and widen the throat and voice box during swallowing and speech

Vagus-X function

1. Contraction of pharyngeal muscles, intrinsic laryngeal muscles, and smooth muscle of the pharynx, larynx, and heart

2. Sensation from pharynx (throat), meninges, heart, gut, and esophagus

Acessory- XI function

contraction of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

Hypoglossal XII

contraction of all extrinsic muscles of tongue (except glossopharyngeus muscle) and all intrinsic muscles of tongue

Which cranial nerves are innervated from the cortex bilaterally?

IX- Glossopharyngeal

V- Trigeminal

VII- facial (upper)

X- Vagus

XI- accessory

Which cranial nerves are innervated from the cortex contralaterally?

VII- facial(lower)

XII- hypoglossal