Maritime Networks

Maritime Trade

sea-based trade routes

astrolabe

a tool that measures position and angle of planets to find location; invented by Greeks but improved by Muslims

wind patterns

how to navigate in “circular trade winds”; Portuguese used it well

Shape of the ocean, monsoon winds, important locations

Factors that make the Indian Ocean great

Monsoon winds

season of winds; Indian Ocean had the best, winds as a “boost” to ships, changed during the seasons

Arabian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz

Important locations on Indian Ocean coast

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese, Navigation Education & Sponsorship in 1400s

Pedro Cabral

Portuguese, Salis to Brazil in 1500

Columbus

Italian but sailed for Spain, explored Carribean, 1492

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese; Sailed around Africa to India; 1497

Magellan

Portuguese but sailed for Spain; Circumnavigated the Globe, 1522

Cortez

Spanish, conquered the Aztecs in 1519

Pizarro

Spanish; Conquered Incas in 1531

spread of Christianity, Mercantilism, Personal gain

Three reasons/justifications for the Age of Exploration

Mercantilism

economic concept that there is a limited amount of wealth in the world; must “take” wealth

colonies; ports

Spain was focused on ___ while Portugal was focused on ___

bright

what “Ming” technically means

The Ming Dynasty

Return of ethnic (Han); Chinese rule to China, return of Chinese & Confucian ideas to the throne; Getting rid of Mongol Influence

Zhong Guo

Middle Kingdom; above earth but below Heaven

Mandate of Heaven

right to rule comes from heaven and can be lost if leaders are not virtuous

Dynastic Cycle

the pattern of rises and falls of Chinese dynsaties; ended in 1912

civil service exam, filial piety, self-sufficiency

Confucian values

Civil Service Exam

An exam based on Confucian values that gave Chinese citizens the chance to “move up” social hierarchy

Caravel

Portuguese ship in 15th century, sailed around Africa using a Lateen sail

carrack

big ocean vessel with 3-4 masts; used in Trade with Asia, Africa, and America; long voyage ship

Fluyt

Dutch cargo ship that has 2x the cargo with ½ the crew; by 1670 it was 50% of Euro Trade

Hongwu Emperor

Zhu Yuanzhang; Important Ming emperor, foundee of the Ming dynasty

brings back Chinese values and confucian influence

The Hongwu Emperors claim to fame

North; South

The Hongwu Emperor moved the capital from the ___ to the ____

love; hate

Hongwu Emperor/ Confucian values: ___ peasants and ____ merchants

Hongwu Emperor’s transition of power

“Lion king” situation; Uncle drives nephew out of throne

Yongle Emperor

“Scar”; Zhu Di, emperor after Hongwu Emperor

Beijing

the Yongle Emperor moves capital back to ___

sponsoring Ming voyages

Yongle Emperor’s major legacy

Scholars/Bureaucrats

First group on Ming Social Hierarchy

Peasants/Farmers

second group on Ming Social Hierarchy

Artisans/Craftsmen

third group on Ming Social Hierarchy

Merchants

last people on Ming Social Hierarchy

Forbidden City

Yongle Emperor; walled off palace only for emperor that’s built according to Confucian values

Zheng He

not an emperor; Admiral of the Ming Fleet; appointed by Yongle Emperor; eunuch

eunuch

“neutered” (no puberty); used as government officials because they weren’t expected to rebel

Mecca

Because Zheng He was Muslim, he made sure to have voyages stop at..

junks

Treasure ships used by Zheng He

Yongle Emperor dies, too much money

Voyages in Ming Dynasty end because..

Fabled Unicorn

Chinese name for Giraffes because they were brought back on ship by Zheng He as a gift to the emperor; shows China’s greatness

Tributary system

the form for conducting trade and relations with China

The Global Silver Trade

the dominated trade of silver throughout many countries and continents

Japan and Spain

the two countries that produced silver

ç

Spanish-American mines

Oda

Japan silver mine

globalization, profit, connections

Positives of the Global Silver Trade

inflation, empire collapses, indigenous slave labor, Trans-Atlantic slave trade

Negatives of the Global Silver Trade

Spanish coin, sweet potatoes, Tagalog

Examples/evidence of Globalization & Cultural Diffusion in the Global Silver Trade

Manila

hub of Global Silver Trade

They weren’t allowed inside the country

Why couldn’t Spain trade with China IN China?

Price of Silver

High when Chinese demand is high; leads to inflation

silver price falls

Spain goes bankrupt because..

Globalization

the increasing inter-connectedness & interdependence of the world’s societies, economies, and cultures

invested their money into themselves

Unlike Spain, Japan didn’t fall because they..

The Columbian Exchange

the exchange of new crops, animals, diseases etc between the Americas and Afroeurasia; started due to European contact with the Americas

Indentured Servitude

a two way agreement to work for a set amount of years to pay off debt

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

the transportation of African people, mainly to the Americas, to work as slaves.

Encomienda System

grant of forced labor; used by Spanish to take control of Native Americas; Spanish crown granted encomiendas to explorers

nonessential

A Major point made by the “Born with a Silver Spoon” document is that Europeans were basically..

China

The most important country in the Global Trade; the whole system would never have even exist without them

the middle passage

the passage of the forced voyage of enslaved Africans to the Americas

Fall of Constantinople

this event in 1453 led to the growth of Maritime trade