INORGANIC CHEM

happy anniv sa inyu sir??

Chemistry

the science that describes matter—its properties, the changes it undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany those processes

Chemistry

The CENTRAL SCIENCE

Organic chemistry

(Branch of Chemistry) Hydrocarbons and its derivatives

Inorganic chemistry

(Branch of Chemistry) Inorganic compounds, metals, minerals

Analytical chemistry

(Branch of Chemistry) Detection and identification of substances present (qualitative analysis) or amount of each substance (quantitative analysis)

Biochemistry

(Branch of Chemistry) processes in living organisms

physical chemistry

(Branch of Chemistry) behavior of matter

matter

anything that has mass and occupies space

mass

measure of the quantity of matter

volume

amount of space

energy

the capacity to do work or to transfer heat

kinetic energy

energy in motion

potential energy

energy at rest

exothermic

release of heat

endothermic

absorbs heat

solids

molecules packed close together orderly

gas

highly compressible state of matter

liquid

molecules are close but randomly arranged

melting

solid to liquid

freezing

liquid to solid

gas

expands indefinitely

boiling

liquid to gas

condensation

gas to liquid

deposition

gas to liquid

sublimation

solid to gas

dry ice

tx of skin diseases (eczema, psoriasis)

physical properties

can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance

chemical properties

exhibited by matter as it undergoes changes in changes in composition

physical

(physical or chemical property) color

chemical

(physical or chemical property) iron reacts with oxygen to form rust

chemical

(physical or chemical property) hydrogen has the potential to ignite and explode given the right conditions

physical

(physical or chemical property) hardness

physical

(physical or chemical property) melting point

physical

(physical or chemical property) boiling point

extensive properties

dependent on the amount of substance

intensive properties

independent on the amount of substance

intensive

(extensive or intensive property) density

extensive

(extensive or intensive property) mass

extensive

(extensive or intensive property) volume

intensive

(extensive or intensive property) electrical conductivity

intensive properties

(extensive or intensive property) specific gravity

intensive

(extensive or intensive property) boiling/melting point

extensive

(extensive or intensive property) size

chemical change

(physical or chemical change) one or more substance are used up

physical

(physical or chemical change) no change in chemical composition

physical change

(physical or chemical change) reversible

chemical change

(physical or chemical change) irreversible

chemical change

(physical or chemical change) one or more new substances are formed

physical change

(physical or chemical change) boiling of water

chemical

(physical or chemical change) energy is absorbed or released

chemical change

(physical or chemical change) burning of paper

chemical change

(physical or chemical change)souring of milk

chemical change

(physical or chemical change) cooking an egg

chemical change

(physical or chemical change) fireworks exploding

chemical change

(physical or chemical change) formation of solid when two solutions are mixed

mixture

(classification of matter) variable composition (e.g. 80% ethanol in water)

pure susbtance

(classification of matter) fixed composition

pure substance

(classification of matter) cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical methods

mixture

(classification of matter) may be separated into pure substances by physical methods (e.g. distillation, filtration)

homogeneous mixtures

(classification of matter) components are not distinguishable

heterogeneous mixtures

(classification of matter) multiple phases

homegenous mixture

(classification of matter) single phase

homogenous mixtures

(classification of matter) have same composition throughout

heterogeneous mixtures

(classification of matter) components are distinguishable

heterogenous mixtures

(classification of matter) do not have same composition throughout

compounds

(classification of matter) can be decomposed to simpler substances by physical by chemical changes

elements

(classification of matter) cannot be decomposed to simpler substances by chemical change

elements

(classification of matter) consists of only one kind of atom

compounds

(classification of matter) consists of atoms of two or more different elements bound together

oxygen, silicon, aluminum

top 3 most abundant elements in the earth’s crust, ocean

atom

the smallest unit that retains the properties of an element

Dalton’s Theory

(theory) all matter is composed of atoms and these cannot be made or destroyed

atomos

meaning “uncuttable”

positive

charge of nucleus

PROTONS

determines atoms’ identity

number of protons

this number is known as the atomic number of that element

mass number of atom

is the sum of the number of protons amd the number of neutrons in its nucleus

𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 = 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 + 𝑵𝒆𝒖𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓

mass number =

isotopes

are atoms of the same elements with different masses

isotopes

they are atoms containing the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

isobars

different element, same mass

isotones

different elements, same number or neutrons

Nuclide Symbol

represents the composition of the nucleus

𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒆𝒖𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒔 = 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 − 𝑨𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓

# of Neutrons =

fractional numbers

Atomic weights are __ numbers, not integers.

Leucippus and Democritus

they described atom as solid indivisible sphere

aristotle and others

said matter is made up of four elements

John Dalton

described atom as solid sphere but NOT indivisible

John Dalton

who discovered Solid Sphere (Billiard Ball) Model

Humphry Davy

“elements of a chemical compound are held together by electrical forces”

Michael Faraday

“Relationship between the amount of electricity used in electrolysis and the amount of chemical reaction that occurs.”

” “Electrons” → Electric ions“

George Stoney

Cathode-Ray Tube Experiment

most convincing evidence of electrons

Joseph John Thomson

conducted Cathode-Ray Tube Experiment

Robert Milikan

conducted Oil-drop experiment

Joseph John Thomson

discovered electrons

Cathode-Ray Tube Experiment (J.J. Thomson)

Plum pudding model experiment

Oil-drop Experiment (Robert Milikan)

determine the charge of electrons

Hantaro Nagaoka

created Saturn-like model

Eugen Goldstein

he conducted Canal Rays Experiment