COS 104 Final Tehran

Spreadsheets

good for storing anything that can be represented in columns and rows.

Cell

The intersection of a column and row (referenced by the column first, then the row (A1, B5))

Cell Range

a contiguous (touching) group of cells denoted as (E11:F15)

Formula/Function

allow for instant updating of data, which is the power of a spreadsheet. (They ALWAYS start with an equals sign in a cell)

Common Functions

○ =SUM()-adds the numerical values of a cell range

○ =MAX()-returns the largest number from a cell range

○ =MIN()- returns the smallest number from a cell range

○ =COUNT()-returns the number of cells containing a number from a cell range

○ =AVERAGE()-returns the mean (average) of a cell range

○ =ABS()-returns the absolute value of a cell range

○ =PRODUCT()-multiplies the numerical values of a cell range

○ =QUOTIENT()- returns the integer portion when two numbers are divided

○ =SQRT()-returns the square root of a positive number

Logical Functions

changes the content of a cell, often depending on a condition.

Condition

a statement that returns either TRUE or FALSE.

Common Conditions

○ =IF(condition, True, False)- assigns different content to a cell depending on

whether a condition is TRUE or FALSE

○ =AND(condition, condition)- returns TRUE only if BOTH conditions are TRUE

○ =OR(condition, condition)- returns TRUE if ANY condition is TRUE

○ =COUNTIF(cellrange, condition)- counts the number of cells in a range that

meet a condition

Sorting

arranging data in an ordered sequence

Crowdsourcing

using a community of web users to help get work done.

E-commerce

the conducting of business on the web.

Examples of E-Commerce

○ Business-to-consumer (B2C): ○ Consumer-to-consumer (C2C): ○ Business-to-business (B2B):

Ergonomics

the science of designing things for easy safe use by people.

Intellectual Property

creation/product of the human mind

Copyright

grants the creator/owner of an original work exclusive rights to use or authorize use of the work.

True

True/False: Copyrights are automatically granted

True

True/False: Copyrights last of life of creator +70 years

False

True/False: animals and robots can be granted copyrights

Fair Use

allows for the use of copyrighted material without receiving permission.

Piracy

the unauthorized copy, distribution, or sale of a copyrighted work, such as a computer program or music.

■ Purpose and Character

■ Nature of the Work

■ How Much is Used

■ Commercial Impact

Four Factors of Fair Use

Cybercrime

any crime involving a computer and a network.

Identity Theft

theft of information used to identify an individual, typically used for financial gain.

Fraud

a form of deception, used for financial or personal gain

Data Breach

when secure/classified information is accessed by someone who is unauthorized

Trafficking

conducting deals/trades in an illegal commodity

Extortion

the act of obtaining something by making threats

Malware

malicious software used to infect users devices

Harassment

offensive and repetitive behavior used to intimidate or upset someone

Cyberbullying

the use of technology to threaten, abuse, or dominate others

Digital Divide

refers to the inequality of access to digital technology like computers, smartphones, and the Internet.

Digital Footprint

made up of the data collected about you.

False

True/False: minimizing your digital footprint is not important

Metadata

data stored with a digital file that is not readily seen.

Dark Pattern

a deceptive design trick meant to get you to do something online that you didn't intend to.

Common Dark Patterns

○ Trick questions (don't not opt in?)

○ Sneakinto basket (put something extra in your basket you didn't order)

○ Roachmotel (easy to get in; hard to get out)

○ Confirmshaming (to guilt you into opting in to something)

○ Privacy zuckering (tricked into publicly sharing more than intended)

○ Bait and switch (promise one thing and give you something different)

○ Disguised ads (ads that look like content)uerading as regular content.

Release of Control

Loss of authority over shared online content.

Value of Information

Personal data is often monetized by companies.

True

True/False: You can get denied for a job because of something you posted online.

Security Holes

Daily vulnerabilities allowing unauthorized access.

Antivirus Software

Tools to detect and remove malware.

Virus Signature

Code segment identifying specific malware.

Heuristic Analysis

attempts to identify behavior-based detection of unknown malware signatures

Firewall

Network barrier preventing unauthorized access.

Multi-Factor Authentication

Security requiring multiple verification methods.

Do's and Don'ts of Account Security

○ DO keep copies of your passwords somewhere SAFE ○ DO use a password manager

○ DON'T use an easily guessable password (pet's name, boyfriend's name, your birthdate, etc...)

○ DON'T expect unencrypted communication to ever be private (e.g., email)

○ DON'T use the same password on multiple sites

Internet Scams

using technology to attempt to appeal to greed and fear in order to get what one wants

Phishing

Fraudulent messages (like email or text) seeking sensitive information.

Digital Certificate

Confirms website legitimacy and security.

Certificate Authorities

Entities issuing and managing digital certificates.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Computers mimicking human-like cognitive functions.

Machine Learning

Training algorithms to recognize patterns.

Neural Networks

Systems simulating brain neuron functions.

Natural Language Processing

Understanding and analyzing human language.

Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)

AI excelling at specific tasks.

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

AI performing at human-like versatility.

Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI)

AI surpassing human intelligence in all areas.

Common AI Uses

○ Face ID

○ Social Media

○ Messaging

○ Google Search

○ Digital Voice Assistants

○ Smart Home Devices

○ Commuting

○ Banking

○ Amazon Recommendations

○ Netflix and other Streaming Platforms

True

True/False: 80% of what you watch on Netflix was recommended to you by their algorithm

ChatGPT

Language model generating responses based on data.

False

True/False: ChatGPT is never wrong

AI Pros

-Automation

-Smart decision making

-medical advancement

-research and data analysis

-performing repetitive tasks