Chemistry Chapter 9: Salts.

What are the solubility of nitrates?

* All nitrate salts are soluble in water.

What is the solubility of sulfates?

* All sulfate salts are soluble in water except for **calcium sulfate, lead(II)sulfate and barium sulfate.**

What is the solubility of chlorides?

* All chloride salts are soluble in water excepts for silver chloride and lead(II) sulfate.

What is the solubility of carbonates?

* All carbonates are insoluble except for group 1 carbonates and ammonium carbonate.

When is Titration carried out?

* Titration is carried when the salt is a SPA salt that is soluble.
* Titration is usually carried out with acid + alkali or acid + soluble metal carbonate.

When is “Add In Excess” carried out?

* “Add in excess” is carried out when the salt is soluble but it is not a SPA salt.
* It is usually carried out with an acid + insoluble solid( metal/metal oxide/metal carbonate.)

When is precipitation carried out?

* Precipitation is carried out when the salt is insoluble.
* Precipitation is carried out with two soluble reactants/salts.

How do we prepare salts with ‘Adding Excess Method’?(e.g copper(II) sulfate.)

1. Add excess Copper(II) oxide into a beaker of dilute sulfuric acid. Stir until no more copper(II)oxide dissolves into the solution.
2. Heat the filtrate until it forms a saturated solution.
3. Let the solution cool to form crystals
4. Filter the mixture to obtain Copper(II) Sulfate Crystals as the filtrate and Copper(II) Oxide as the residue.
5. Wash the crystals with a little cold distilled water and Dry by pressing crystals between sheets of filter paper.

How do we prepare salts with Precipitation method?(e.g. Insoluble Silver Chloride.)

1. Add Aqueous Silver Nitrate to a beaker of Aqueous Sodium Chloride.
2. Stir the Mixture for precipitate of silver chloride to form
3. Filter the mixture to obtain Silver Chloride as residue.
4. Rinse the insoluble silver chloride with distilled water and dry the insoluble salt by pressing between sheets of filter paper.

How do we prepare salts with Titration method?(e.g. Sodium Chloride.)

1. Put 25cm3 of hydrochloric acid into a conical flask with a burette.
2. Add a few drops (2-3) of methyl orange into the flask.
3. Using a burette, titrate the acid by adding aqueous sodium hydroxide dropwise until the indicator changes color. Record the volume used.
4. Repeat the experiment without the indicator using the same volume of acid and alkali.
5. Heat the salt solution until its saturated and allow the solution for crystals to form.
6. Filter the mixture to obtain sodium chloride crystals as residue. Wash the crystals with a little cold distilled water.
7. Dry the crystals formed by pressing between filter paper.