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Turgor Pressure
The pressure exerted by the fluid (cytoplasm) against the cell wall in plant cells. This pressure helps maintain the plant's structure and firmness, allowing it to stay upright.
Concentration Gradient
The gradual difference in the concentration of a substance in a solution across a distance. It drives the movement of substances from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
Diffusion
The natural process by which molecules move from regions where they are in high concentration to regions where they are in low concentration. This process occurs until the concentration is uniform throughout.
Osmosis
A specific type of diffusion that refers to the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane, from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
Isotonic Solution
A solution that has the same concentration of solutes as another solution. In an isotonic environment, there is no net movement of water into or out of the cell, keeping the cell size stable.
Hypertonic Solution
A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution. Cells placed in a hypertonic solution will lose water and may shrink as a result.
Hypotonic Solution
A solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution. When animal cells are in a hypotonic solution, they can swell and may burst; however, plant cells become turgid and firm.
Passive Transport
The movement of substances across a cell membrane that occurs without the use of cellular energy (ATP). Substances move along their concentration gradient.
Active Transport
The process of moving substances across a cell membrane that requires energy (ATP), usually against their concentration gradient. This allows cells to maintain concentrations of specific ions and molecules.
Substances requiring energy to cross a cell membrane
Ions and larger molecules that cannot freely pass through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes without the assistance of transport proteins.
Facilitated Diffusion
A type of passive transport that utilizes specific transport proteins to help move substances across a cell membrane without energy use.
Exocytosis
The process through which a cell expels materials via vesicles that fuse with the cell membrane, allowing the contents to be released outside the cell.
Pinocytosis
A form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs liquid from its surroundings. This process allows the cell to take in dissolved substances.
Endocytosis
The cellular process of taking in substances by engulfing them in a vesicle, which can include solid particles (phagocytosis) or liquids (pinocytosis).
Ultimate source of energy for almost all organisms
The Sun is the primary source of energy for nearly all life on Earth, providing the light energy necessary for plants to perform photosynthesis.
Heterotroph
Organisms that cannot produce their own food and instead obtain nutrition by consuming other organisms, such as animals and fungi.
Autotroph
Organisms that can produce their own food using sunlight (photosynthesis) or chemical energy (chemosynthesis), primarily plants and some bacteria.
Organisms that make their own food
Autotrophs are capable of producing their own food, either through photosynthesis or other biochemical processes.
Structures for gas exchange in plants
Stomata are small openings on plant leaves that facilitate the exchange of gases (like carbon dioxide and oxygen) between the plant and its environment.
Gases cycled in photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are the primary gases involved in photosynthesis (in) and cellular respiration (out), maintaining a vital cycle for life.
Factors affecting rate of photosynthesis
The rate of photosynthesis is influenced by light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature, which can enhance or limit the process.
Organisms using anaerobic respiration
Certain bacteria and some eukaryotic organisms can perform anaerobic respiration when oxygen is scarce, producing energy without using oxygen.
Organelle where photosynthesis occurs
Chloroplasts are specialized organelles found in plant cells and some algae where sunlight is captured and used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
Process for separating pigments
Chromatography is a laboratory technique used to separate mixtures, such as plant pigments, based on differences in their movement through a medium.
Pigments aiding chlorophyll in light capture
Accessory pigments are additional pigments in plants that help capture light energy for photosynthesis, improving the efficiency of light absorption.
Wavelengths most absorbed by chlorophyll
Chlorophyll primarily absorbs light energy in the red (around 680 nm) and blue (around 450 nm) wavelengths, while reflecting green light.
Reason for leaves changing color in fall
Leaves change color during fall due to decreased chlorophyll production, which reveals other pigments that were previously masked.
Energy investment phase of respiration
Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration that requires energy input to break down glucose into pyruvate, yielding a small amount of ATP.
Step of respiration occurring without oxygen
Glycolysis can occur in the absence of oxygen, making it a vital step for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Job of mitochondria in cellular respiration
The mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, where ATP is produced through processes like the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
Molecule with more energy
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy-carrying molecule in cells, providing energy for various cellular processes.
Process by bacteria obtaining food from sulfur vents
Chemosynthesis is the process by which certain bacteria convert inorganic substances (like hydrogen sulfide) into energy-rich organic molecules, often found near hydrothermal vents.
Final waste products of cellular respiration
The main waste products of cellular respiration are carbon dioxide and water, which are released from the cell after energy production.
Organisms undergoing photosynthesis
Plants, algae, and some bacteria are capable of photosynthesis, using sunlight to create their own food.
Organisms undergoing cellular respiration
All organisms, including plants, animals, and fungi, perform cellular respiration to convert nutrients into energy.
Determination of aerobic or anaerobic respiration
Whether an organism undergoes aerobic respiration (with oxygen) or anaerobic respiration (without oxygen) depends on the availability of oxygen in its environment.
Byproducts of anaerobic respiration (fermentation)
The byproducts of anaerobic respiration can include lactic acid (in animals) or alcohol and carbon dioxide (in yeast), depending on the organism.
Process causing muscle ache from over-work
Lactic acid fermentation occurs when muscles produce lactic acid as a byproduct of anaerobic respiration during intense exercise, leading to soreness.
