Chapter 12 Human Anatomy & Physiology

Receptors for the general senses are found

widely distributed throughout the body.

Receptors for the special senses are found

primarily in the head.

The brain interprets input from sensory receptors as

perception

Sensory receptors include

mechanoreceptors,chemoreceptors,photoreceptorsthermoreceptors, and nociceptors.

The ability to ignore your socks around your ankles demonstrates

sensory adaptation.

The sequence of information flow in response to biting into a slice of pizza is

sensory receptors activated, impulse sent to CNS, sensation, perception.

Max returns to his dorm room late at night to find his roommate throwing up. The smell is at first so
bad that Max wants to vomit too, but after helping his roommate clean up, the odor seems to fade.
Max has experienced

sensory adaptation

Sensory impulses are stimulated at receptors by

local changes in their cell membrane potentials.

Olfactory receptors, which provide the sense of smell, are

chemoreceptors

Which of the following are paired correctly?

• Baroreceptors—stimulated by blood pressure changes

• Pain receptors—stimulated by damage to tissues

• Thermoreceptors—stimulated by temperature changes

Henry has hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy. He lacks

nociceptors

The war veteran experiences an intense burning sensation that seems to come from where his foot
had been amputated. He most likely has

reflex sympathetic dystrophy.

Another name for pain receptors is

nociceptors

Pain impulses are first processed in the

gray matter of the posterior horn.

Fibers of the spinothalamic tract transmit pain and temperature information to the

thalamus

A pole vaulter keeps track of his position in mid-air through

proprioception, which provides awareness of body position.

Pain receptors differ from other somatic receptors by

adapting very little, if at all.

Temperature senses use two types of

free nerve endings

Pain receptors

respond to factors that can damage tissue

The Golgi tendon organ is stimulated more when

muscle tension increases.

As a result of the tympanic reflex,

vibrations are transmitted less effectively to the inner ear

Taste receptors are

modified epithelial cells

Which of the following is not a primary taste sensation?

Pungent

The hearing receptors are most closely associated with the

spiral organ

The range of human hearing is about

20-20,000 vibrations per second.

Which of the following is part of the inner tunic of the eye?

Retina

The lens of the eye thickens when the

ciliary muscles contract.

Visual sensations from images focused on the side of the retina are blurred because

there are more rods than cones in this region.

The color receptors in the retina are most sensitive to light waves that are

red, green, and blue.

Stereoscopic vision results when the

images in the eyes are different.

Arnold enters a darkened movie theater on a sunny summer afternoon. It takes many minutes for his eyes to adapt to the darkness because

it takes some time for the retina to rebuild its rhodopsin stores from opsin and retinal.

Rhodopsin is found in ____ cells.

rod

Light is refracted when it passes

between media of different optical densities at an oblique angle.

As they extend from the retina to the brain, the nerve fibers

from the nasal half of each retina cross over.

Anosmia is loss of

smell

If you were a physician evaluating a young person who has conductive deafness, which of the following would you consider in your differential diagnosis?

A torn tympanic membrane

If a person's right visual cortex is damaged, the injury will most likely affect vision from the

nasal side of one eye and the temporal side of the other eye.

The taste receptor that amino acids such as glutamic acid activate is

umami

Bitter receptors sense

alkaloids

Jenny slurps up a plate of beef lo mein at a Chinese restaurant. "That tastes great, but I can't quite describe it." What type of taste sensation is she experiencing?

Umami

Movement of hair cells in the semicircular canals signals

the direction of motion.

Treatment for cataract is usually removal of the

lens

Glaucoma is usually caused by

accumulation of aqueous humor.

Farsightedness after the age of forty-five is most likely caused by

loss of lens capsule elasticity.

A person who is colorblind lacks

one type of photopigment.

The painkiller sold as Ziconotide comes from a

snail

Opiate drugs used to treat pain come from a

plant

Lorelei thinks of the days of the week and months of the year as particular colors. She has

synesthesia

Smell and taste disorders may be caused by

• a side effect of a drug

• allergies

• a head injury

A cochlear implant treats

sensorineural deafness.

Otosclerosis affects the

auditory ossicles

A curvature defect of the lens or cornea in which some parts of an image are in focus on the retina and other parts are blurred and vision is distorted is called

astigmatism

General senses result from stimulation of receptors in the head only.

FALSE

Sensory receptors are specialized cells or multicellular structures that collect information from the environment and stimulate neurons to send impulses along sensory fibers to the brain, where the cerebral cortex forms a perception.

TRUE

Receptors that are stimulated by changes in chemical concentrations are called thermoreceptors.

FALSE

Stretching of tissues can cause pain sensations to arise from visceral organs.

TRUE

Referred pain occurs when the brain projects the sensation back to the original source in the body from which the pain originated.

FALSE

Tears contain an enzyme that reduces the risk of eye infection.

TRUE

When the radial muscles of the iris contract, the diameter of the pupil decreases.

FALSE

When all three sets of cones are stimulated, a person senses white light.

TRUE

The taste of food is the same, whether a person has a respiratory infection or not.

FALSE

The optic disc is medial to the fovea centralis and is the site from which nerve fibers from the retina leave the eye and become part of the optic nerve.

TRUE

Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, but cones are important for color vision.

TRUE

Impulses from taste receptors can travel in the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves.

TRUE

Sound vibrations are conducted from the malleus to the stapes to the incus.

FALSE

Impulses from the spiral organ travel on the vestibulocochlear nerve.

TRUE

Optic nerve fibers cross over in the thalamus.

FALSE

Light breaks down rhodopsin.

TRUE

Floaters are bowel movements that float due to a fatty diet.

FALSE

Colorblindness is inherited.

TRUE

A person who associates sounds with tastes has synesthesia.

TRUE

In hyperopia, the eyeball is too short and the focal point is in front of the retina.

FALSE

In astigmatism the cornea or the lens is elliptically rather than spherically curved.

TRUE

Receptors stimulated by changes in temperature are called ____________ .

thermoreceptors

The process by which the brain causes a sensation to seem to come from the stimulated receptors is called _____________ .

projection

Pain that feeels like it is coming from a part other than the part being stimulated is called ___________ pain.

referred

The __________ is the ossicle that transmits vibrations to the inner ear through the oval window.

stapes

The transparent, anterior portion of the eye's outer tunic is called the _________ .

cornea

The adjustment of the thickness of the lens to make close vision possible is called

accommodation

The ________ _________ muscle rotates the eye away from the midline.

lateral rectus