PSYCH Final Exam

The most common treatment for ADHD is a central nervous system stimulant, such as methylphenidate (Ritalin) or Adderall.

o The actions of these drugs are not fully understood, but they may affect multiple neurotransmitters, particularly (BLANK)

dopamine

Nearly constant anxiety not associated with a particular object or situation

o People with this disorder are constantly anxious and worry incessantly about even minor matters

o NOT just a general feeling of anxiety

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

There are five major DSM-5 symptoms for (BLANK):

1. Delusions

2. Hallucinations

3. Disorganized speech

4. Disorganized behavior

5. Negative symptoms

schizophrenia

As of 2018, (BLANK) is the second leading cause of death among Americans 10–34 years old

• Deaths by BLANK have been increasing for emerging adults over the past 20 years

• U.S. men were four times more likely to die by BLANK than women were

• “People desire death when two fundamental needs are frustrated” (Thomas Joiner, 2005, p.47)

o The need to belong, to feel connected with others

o The need for competence

suicide

Psychopathy can be considered a personality trait. It revolves around a general lack of caring for the welfare of others, and, along with narcissism and Machiavellianism, it is part of the BLANK

dark triad

BLANK is a physical stress response. A consistent pattern of physical responses to stress that consists of three stages:

o Alarm

o Resistance

o Exhaustion

General adaptation syndrome

BLANK:

We experience pain when pain receptors are activated and a neural “gate” in the spinal cord allows the signals through to the brain (Melzack & Wall, 1982).

• These ideas were radical in that they depict pain as a perceptual experience within the brain rather than simply a response to nerve stimulation.

Gate control theory

The founders of BLANK psychology postulated a series of laws to explain how our brains group the perceived features of a visual scene into organized wholes.

Gestalt

For humans, visible light consists of BLANK waves ranging in length from about 400 to 700 nanometers.

o The amplitude is the height of the light wave from base to peak; people experience this quality as brightness.

o The wavelength of the light wave is the distance from peak to peak. This distance determines your perception of hue.

electromagnetic

The process of BLANK begins when sound waves arrive at the shell-shaped structure of your outer ear.

o The shell shape of the outer ear increases the ear’s ability to capture sound waves and then funnel the waves down the auditory canal.

hearing

BLANK thinking (novel and creative)

o The ability to generate multiple ideas or

solutions to a problem

o Example: the invention of smart watches

Divergent

BLANK thinking (conventional)

o The ability to generate the single best or most correct solution to a problem or question

o Example: watches are useful for telling time

Convergent

A decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation

sensory adaptation

The sense of BLANK, which is also called gustation.

• Taste buds: Structures, located in papillae on the tongue, that contain the sensory receptors.

• Papillae: Structures on the tongue that contain groupings of taste buds.

o The BLANK information is sent to other brain regions through a set of nerves, primarily the facial nerve.

o After processing by the thalamus, the information is further processed in the primary gustatory cortex.

taste

Five main BLANK

• Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (Japanese for “savory” or “yummy”) are the five basic taste qualities.

o As of 2007, umami is the most recently recognized taste sensation.

• Supertasters are highly aware of flavors and textures and are more likely than others to feel pain when eating very spicy foods.

o Supertasters have nearly six times as many taste buds as normal tasters.

tastes

Self-concept

How you feel about your sense of self

• Many theories propose that BLANK is based on how we believe others perceive us, this view is known as reflected appraisal

• Self-compassion refers to treating oneself with care, acceptance, and kindness during difficult times; it was found was a good predictor of better mental health during the first year of college (Kroshus et al., 2021)

self-esteem

The BLANK states that most psychological disorders are influenced by biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

Although people are anxious about different things, the etiology of various types of anxiety is best explained using a BLANK

OCD is another example of how the BLANK explains the causes of some mental disorders

biopsychosocial approach

A field that integrates research on health and on psychology; it involves the application of psychological principles in promoting health and well-being.

Health psychology

The Biopsychosocial model is central to understanding the difference between the traditional medical model and the approach taken by BLANK.

health psychologists

• Drugs that affect mental processes and that can be used to treat psychological disorders

o BLANK act by changing brain neurochemistry

Psychotropic medications

Type of drug:

Anti-anxiety drugs

Type of drug:

Antidepressant drugs

Type of drug:

Mood stabilizer drugs

Type of drug:

Antipsychotic drugs

Type of drug:

Stimulants

Mood disorder characterized by extremely elevated moods (mania).

Bipolar I disorder

Mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of extremely depressed and mildly elevated moods (hypomania).

Bipolar II disorder

Our BLANK sense allows us to maintain balance.

Uses information from receptors in structures of the inner ear called the semicircular canals.

vestibular

The BLANK

• Proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

o According to this model, the onset of mental disorders occurs due to both vulnerability for the disorder and the presence of stressful events

Diathesis-stress model

The Miller Analogy Test predicts not only graduate students’ academic BLANK but also individuals’ productivity, creativity, and job performance in the workplace

performance

BLANK: a psychometric test that is designed to test a person’s ability to learn—that is, the person’s future performance

Aptitude test

David Wechsler developed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale in 1939. The first test for use with adults, it measured two factors of intelligence

Verbal and Performance

An assessment of a child’s intellectual standing compared with that of same-age peers; determined by comparing the child’s test score with the average score for children of each chronological age

• IQ scores forms a bell curve, known as normal distribution

Mental age

Rotter proposed that personalities are based on BLANK

o BLANK refers to people’s perception of whether they control the rewards and punishments they experience (internal locus of control) or not (external locus of control)

locus of control

BLANK: relying on the standardized and objective procedures of the scientific method to collect empirical evidence and to test whether hypotheses are valid

Formal reasoning

A mathematical measure of intelligence (originally computed by dividing a child’s estimated mental age by the child’s chronological age and then multiplying this number by 100)

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

Charles Spearman

o BLANK: The idea that one general factor underlies intelligence

 Influences important life outcomes

 There is now substantial evidence that a single factor of BLANK is universal for humans across cultures

General intelligence

Raymond Cattell

o BLANK: Intelligence that reflects the ability to process information, particularly in novel or complex circumstances

Fluid intelligence

Raymond Cattell

BLANK: Intelligence that reflects both the knowledge a person acquires through experience and the ability to use that knowledge

Crystallized intelligence

BLANK by Howard Gardner

• The idea that people have many different types of intelligence that are independent of one another

o Bodily-kinesthetic

o Linguistic

o Mathematical/logical

o Spatial

o Musical

o Intrapersonal and interpersonal

Multiple intelligences

BLANK intelligence (EI)

• Four abilities

o Managing our own emotions

o Using our emotions to guide our thoughts and actions

o Recognizing other people’s emotions

o Understanding emotional language

Emotional

Sensory receptors in the skin, muscles, organs, and membranes around both bones and joints; these myelinated fibers quickly convey intense sensory input to the brain, where it is perceived as sharp, immediate pain.

Fast fibers

Sensory receptors in the skin, muscles, organs, and membranes around both bones and joints; these unmyelinated fibers slowly convey intense sensory input to the brain, where it is perceived as chronic, dull, steady pain.

slow fibers

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BLANK improves your physical health.

• It lowers the risk of cancer.

• People who BLANK are less likely to have heart problems, especially with aerobic exercise.

• People with better fitness in middle age are likely to live longer.

• Aids your thinking abilities. It improves memory, especially in older adults.

Exercise

Treatment for psychological disorders in which a therapist works with clients to help them understand their problems and work toward solutions

o Therapists generally use BLANK to

change their clients’ patterns of thought or

behavior

Psychotherapy

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Treatment for psychological disorders in which a therapist works with clients to help them gain insight about how their unconscious processes may be causing inner conflict and impairing daily functioning

Along with Josef Breuer, Sigmund Freud pioneered the method of psychoanalysis. Freud’s techniques included free association and dream analysis

Psychodynamic therapy

Treatment for psychological disorders in which a therapist works with clients to help them change distorted thought patterns that produce maladaptive behaviors and emotions

o Aaron Beck has advocated cognitive

restructuring

o Albert Ellis introduced rational-emotive therapy

Cognitive therapy

A process by which sensory receptors change physical stimuli into signals that are eventually sent to the brain.

transduction

BLANK: The sense organs’ detection of external physical stimulus and the transmission of information about this stimulus to the brain.

Sensation

BLANK: The processing, organization, and interpretation of sensory information in the brain; these processes result in an internal neural representation of the physical stimulus.

Perception

A shortcut (rule of thumb or informal guideline) used to reduce the amount of thinking that is needed to make decisions

• There are three types of BLANK

• Availability

• Representativeness

• Affective

heuristics

BLANK:

• Tendency to believe you could have predicted something after you learn the outcome.

Hindsight bias

BLANK: people show a strong tendency to pay greater attention to evidence that supports their beliefs and ignore or downplay evidence that does not

Confirmation bias

BLANK behavior pattern: Personality

traits characterized by being noncompetitive, relaxed, easygoing, and accommodating.

Type B

BLANK behavior pattern: Personality Traits characterized by competitiveness, achievement orientation, aggressiveness, hostility, restlessness, impatience with others, and an inability to relax.

o Men who exhibit these traits are much more likely to develop heart disease.

Type A

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BLANK: Everyday irritations that cause small disruptions, the effects of which can add up to a large impact on health.

Daily hassles

BLANK: Large disruptions, especially unpredictable and uncontrollable catastrophic events, that affect central areas of people’s lives.

Major life stressors

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Part of the limbic system; relay station for incoming and outgoing brain messages, like a "mailroom"

Thalamus

BLANK treatments for phobias often include anti-anxiety drugs that are calming

Psychotropic medication

BLANK are the treatments of choice for phobia (OCD)

treatment of panic attacks

CBTs

BLANK may be useful for social phobia (social anxiety disorder)

Antidepressants

Psychotropic medications for BLANK disorders

depressive

FOR DEPRESSION & ANXIETY: SSRIs

Since selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have the fewest serious side effects, they tend to be used as the first-line BLANK

medication

The most common treatment for ADHD is a central nervous system stimulant, such as BLANK.

Symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

methylphenidate (Ritalin) or Adderall

Early antipsychotic drugs called BLANK reduced the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech and behavior

conventional antipsychotics

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Openness to experience

Conscientiousness

Extroversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

OCEAN (Big Five)

Box of tacks, candle, and matches experiment

Duncker's candle problem

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DBS may be especially valuable for treating severe obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD) and depression

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