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The amount of ---- radiation and the patterns of global atmospheric ----- are the main contributers to the global patterns of life on Earth.
solar
circulation
Areas of the Earth near the equator receive ______ energy per unit of surface area because the angle of incidence at which the Sun's rays strike is ______ in these regions.
more; perpendicular
Approximately what percentage of the energy from the Sun that reaches the Earth is absorbed within the atmosphere?
About 50%
Gases in the Earth's ----- absorb some wavelengths of energy emitted by the Sun, while allowing others to pass through. For example, ----- (O3) strongly absorbs UV-B radiation from the sun.
atmosphere
ozone
The Earth's global patterns of life are mainly influenced by which two of the following abiotic factors?
Solar radiation
Atmospheric circulation
Each square meter of Earth's upper atmosphere receives about
1400 J/sec of energy from the Sun.
The area around the equator is relatively warmer because of which of the following?
The sun's rays hit the Earth perpendicular to the surface.
The angle at which the solar radiation of the Sun strikes the Earth is referred to as which of the following?
The angle of incidence
This figure indicates which of the following with respect to annual mean temperatures?
The highest annual mean temperature occurs near the equator
The greatest variation in annual mean temperature occurs in the northern hemisphere
As energy passes from the Sun to Earth, it is modified in both intensity and ---- composition.
wavelength
Which of the following absorbs some wavelengths of solar energy as it passes through the atmosphere? Select all that apply.
Ozone
Gases
Which of the following best describes why winter and summer seasons occur in the Northern Hemisphere?
The Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun during some months and away from the sun during other months
What causes air to rise at equatorial latitudes?
Heat
Which of the following is the main reason that solar radiation affects climate?
Due to the planet's spherical shape, the equator receives more energy than the poles.
Select all reasons why rising air at the equator is typically moist.
Intense solar radiation promotes evaporation
Warm air holds more water
According to this figure, equatorial latitudes (Oo) experience
the lowest variation in temperature during the year.
the highest mean annual temperature
Major ocean currents are directly driven by which of the following?
Wind
The tilt in the Earth's axis and its annual orbit around the sun result in which of the following?
Winter and summer
On the windward side of a mountain, the warm, moist air flows upward and cools, releasing precipitation. On the side of the mountain sheltered from the wind, the drier air descends, producing what is called a
rain shadow
As temperature increases in equatorial regions due to intense solar radiation, the motion of the molecules in the air tends to increase, which affects the air in which of the following ways?
It becomes less dense and rises
Tropical rain forest, savanna, desert, temperate grassland, temperate deciduous forest, temperate evergreen forest, taiga, and tundra are all major types of
biomes
The air that rises at the equator is typically rich with ---- vapor
water
Mean annual temperature and precipitation are good predictors of biome distribution because they are strongly correlated with which of the following?
Primary productivity
Tropical rain forests are highly productive because of which of these?
They are warm and moist
Energy from the ---- drives wind, which then drives the major ocean currents.
Sun
Which of the following is true of savannas?
They have seasonal rainfall.
Which of the following best describes how a rain shadow is produced?
It is produced by the increasing water holding capacity of moisture-depleted winds descending a mountain.
Select all of the following which are principal biomes:
taiga
tundra
desert
(1) tropical rainforest, (2) savanna, (3) desert, (4) temperate grassland, (5) temperate deciduous forest, (6) temperate evergreen forest, (7) taiga, and (8) tundra.
Unpredictable rainfall is characteristic of _______.
deserts
Select the two major predictors of biome distribution.
mean annual temperature
mean annual precipitation
Select all features of temperate grasslands.
Periodic fire
Deep, fertile soil
Select all features of savannas.
Tropical or subtropical location
Grasslands
What is the expected rainfall in a desert?
Less than 25-40 cm
Which of the following is true of temperate deciduous forests?
They have warm summers and cold winters.
Which biome is characterized by deep, rich soil, and require periodic fire to prosper?
Temperate grassland
Select all features of temperate evergreen forests.
Moderate climate
Coastal
Which of the following is true of the taiga biome?
It encircles the Earth
Tundra is characterized by a lack of which of the following?
Trees
Select all features of temperate deciduous forests.
Seasonal climate
Mild climate
Even when water is fully saturated with dissolved oxygen, it contains only about
5% O2.
What is the photic zone?
The area in an aquatic water habitat where light is sufficient for photosynthesis
Select all features of taiga.
Low precipitation
Long, cold winters
Select all statements that accurately describe oxygen solubility in freshwater habitats.
Oxygen is not very soluble in water.
Even when freshwater is fully saturated with oxygen, the concentration of oxygen usually does not exceed 5%
Select all features of oligotrophic lakes.
Low rate of oxygen use
Low organic matter
Most primary production in the ocean is carried out by
phytoplankton
In deep lakes, positive net primary productivity occurs near the surface, called the ---- zone
photic
Primary productivity is low in the open ocean because of which of the following?
Nutrient concentrations in the photic zone are low.
Which of the following are characteristics of oligotrophic lakes?
hey are often crystal clear.
Dissolved oxygen is high at all depths.
Light can often penetrate the entire water column.
Which of the following marine zone is located on continental shelves and is highly productive?
Neritic
Select all features of tundra.
Permafrost
Large grazing animals
Why are continental shelves so high in nutrients (choose all reasons)?
Storms often stir nutrients back into the water column from the shallow bottom.
Nutrients are continuously replenished by runoff from land.
Stormy weather and run-off are important sources of nutrients for which of the following?
Continental shelf ecosystems
In the marine environment, the lowest productivity is found in which of the following?
The open ocean
Select all features of upwelling regions.
Nutrient-rich
High primary productivity
Primary productivity in neritic waters over continental shelves is high due to high concentrations of which of the following?
Nutrients
Select all features of the deep sea habitat.
It is a very uniform environment
It is very cold
No sunlight reaches the deep sea
The most important saltwater ecosystem for human food production is which of the following?
The continental shelf
Which of the following is the most significant threat to forest ecosystems worldwide?
The harvest of trees
Select all sources of nutrients in neritic waters of the continental shelf ecosystem.
Stirring of the water column by stormy weather
Run-off from land
Select diseases that are zoonotic in origin.
Cholera
The plague
The flu
Ebola
Hantavirus
Deep water is brought to the surface in which of the following?
Upwelling regions
The worldwide reduction of ozone is most dramatic over Antarctica, where it is known as the ozone
hole
Select all likely effects of global warming.
Decreased precipitation for some countries
Disruption of agriculture
Disruption of natural ecosystems
Increased precipitation for some countries
Why is carbon dioxide the most important increasing greenhouse gas in terms of its effect on global warming?
Its concentration in the atmosphere is much higher than that of the other greenhouse gases.
What percent of the world's fish stocks are officially rated as being overexploited?
25%
Atmospheric carbon dioxide affects global temperatures because it absorbs which of the following?
Electromagnetic energy
Stratospheric ozone over Antarctica has been reduced by an amount of ______ compared to its historical concentration.
33-50%
The fact that ice forms later and melts sooner than it used to on lakes and rivers is one example of evidence that supports
global warming.
What can be an effect of global warming on northern Europe?
Increased precipitation
atmospheric carbon dioxide is important because it directly affects which of the following?
Global temperatures
Select all likely effects of global warming on human populations.
Some remedies will be costly
Some changes will be negative
Some changes will be beneficial
Select all sources of evidence for global warming.
Increase in ice-free seasons
Retreat of glaciers
Loss of ice at the North Pole
The negative consequences of global warming are expected to impact which of the following?
Poor countries more than wealthy ones