chapter 57 biosphere and human impacts

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73 Terms

1
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The amount of ---- radiation and the patterns of global atmospheric ----- are the main contributers to the global patterns of life on Earth.

solar

circulation

2
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Areas of the Earth near the equator receive ______ energy per unit of surface area because the angle of incidence at which the Sun's rays strike is ______ in these regions.

more; perpendicular

3
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Approximately what percentage of the energy from the Sun that reaches the Earth is absorbed within the atmosphere?

About 50%

4
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Gases in the Earth's ----- absorb some wavelengths of energy emitted by the Sun, while allowing others to pass through. For example, ----- (O3) strongly absorbs UV-B radiation from the sun.

atmosphere

ozone

5
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The Earth's global patterns of life are mainly influenced by which two of the following abiotic factors?

Solar radiation

Atmospheric circulation

6
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Each square meter of Earth's upper atmosphere receives about

1400 J/sec of energy from the Sun.

7
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The area around the equator is relatively warmer because of which of the following?

The sun's rays hit the Earth perpendicular to the surface.

8
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The angle at which the solar radiation of the Sun strikes the Earth is referred to as which of the following?

The angle of incidence

9
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This figure indicates which of the following with respect to annual mean temperatures?

The highest annual mean temperature occurs near the equator

The greatest variation in annual mean temperature occurs in the northern hemisphere

10
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As energy passes from the Sun to Earth, it is modified in both intensity and ---- composition.

wavelength

11
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Which of the following absorbs some wavelengths of solar energy as it passes through the atmosphere? Select all that apply.

Ozone

Gases

12
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Which of the following best describes why winter and summer seasons occur in the Northern Hemisphere?

The Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun during some months and away from the sun during other months

13
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What causes air to rise at equatorial latitudes?

Heat

14
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Which of the following is the main reason that solar radiation affects climate?

Due to the planet's spherical shape, the equator receives more energy than the poles.

15
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Select all reasons why rising air at the equator is typically moist.

Intense solar radiation promotes evaporation

Warm air holds more water

16
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According to this figure, equatorial latitudes (Oo) experience

the lowest variation in temperature during the year.

the highest mean annual temperature

17
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Major ocean currents are directly driven by which of the following?

Wind

18
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The tilt in the Earth's axis and its annual orbit around the sun result in which of the following?

Winter and summer

19
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On the windward side of a mountain, the warm, moist air flows upward and cools, releasing precipitation. On the side of the mountain sheltered from the wind, the drier air descends, producing what is called a

rain shadow

20
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As temperature increases in equatorial regions due to intense solar radiation, the motion of the molecules in the air tends to increase, which affects the air in which of the following ways?

It becomes less dense and rises

21
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Tropical rain forest, savanna, desert, temperate grassland, temperate deciduous forest, temperate evergreen forest, taiga, and tundra are all major types of

biomes

22
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The air that rises at the equator is typically rich with ---- vapor

water

23
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Mean annual temperature and precipitation are good predictors of biome distribution because they are strongly correlated with which of the following?

Primary productivity

24
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Tropical rain forests are highly productive because of which of these?

They are warm and moist

25
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Energy from the ---- drives wind, which then drives the major ocean currents.

Sun

26
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Which of the following is true of savannas?

They have seasonal rainfall.

27
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Which of the following best describes how a rain shadow is produced?

It is produced by the increasing water holding capacity of moisture-depleted winds descending a mountain.

28
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Select all of the following which are principal biomes:

taiga

tundra

desert

(1) tropical rainforest, (2) savanna, (3) desert, (4) temperate grassland, (5) temperate deciduous forest, (6) temperate evergreen forest, (7) taiga, and (8) tundra.

29
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Unpredictable rainfall is characteristic of _______.

deserts

30
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Select the two major predictors of biome distribution.

mean annual temperature

mean annual precipitation

31
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Select all features of temperate grasslands.

Periodic fire

Deep, fertile soil

32
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Select all features of savannas.

Tropical or subtropical location

Grasslands

33
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What is the expected rainfall in a desert?

Less than 25-40 cm

34
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Which of the following is true of temperate deciduous forests?

They have warm summers and cold winters.

35
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Which biome is characterized by deep, rich soil, and require periodic fire to prosper?

Temperate grassland

36
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Select all features of temperate evergreen forests.

Moderate climate

Coastal

37
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Which of the following is true of the taiga biome?

It encircles the Earth

38
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Tundra is characterized by a lack of which of the following?

Trees

39
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Select all features of temperate deciduous forests.

Seasonal climate

Mild climate

40
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Even when water is fully saturated with dissolved oxygen, it contains only about

5% O2.

41
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What is the photic zone?

The area in an aquatic water habitat where light is sufficient for photosynthesis

42
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Select all features of taiga.

Low precipitation

Long, cold winters

43
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Select all statements that accurately describe oxygen solubility in freshwater habitats.

Oxygen is not very soluble in water.

Even when freshwater is fully saturated with oxygen, the concentration of oxygen usually does not exceed 5%

44
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Select all features of oligotrophic lakes.

Low rate of oxygen use

Low organic matter

45
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Most primary production in the ocean is carried out by

phytoplankton

46
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In deep lakes, positive net primary productivity occurs near the surface, called the ---- zone

photic

47
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Primary productivity is low in the open ocean because of which of the following?

Nutrient concentrations in the photic zone are low.

48
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Which of the following are characteristics of oligotrophic lakes?

hey are often crystal clear.

Dissolved oxygen is high at all depths.

Light can often penetrate the entire water column.

49
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Which of the following marine zone is located on continental shelves and is highly productive?

Neritic

50
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Select all features of tundra.

Permafrost

Large grazing animals

51
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Why are continental shelves so high in nutrients (choose all reasons)?

Storms often stir nutrients back into the water column from the shallow bottom.

Nutrients are continuously replenished by runoff from land.

52
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Stormy weather and run-off are important sources of nutrients for which of the following?

Continental shelf ecosystems

53
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In the marine environment, the lowest productivity is found in which of the following?

The open ocean

54
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Select all features of upwelling regions.

Nutrient-rich

High primary productivity

55
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Primary productivity in neritic waters over continental shelves is high due to high concentrations of which of the following?

Nutrients

56
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Select all features of the deep sea habitat.

It is a very uniform environment

It is very cold

No sunlight reaches the deep sea

57
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The most important saltwater ecosystem for human food production is which of the following?

The continental shelf

58
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Which of the following is the most significant threat to forest ecosystems worldwide?

The harvest of trees

59
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Select all sources of nutrients in neritic waters of the continental shelf ecosystem.

Stirring of the water column by stormy weather

Run-off from land

60
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Select diseases that are zoonotic in origin.

Cholera

The plague

The flu

Ebola

Hantavirus

61
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Deep water is brought to the surface in which of the following?

Upwelling regions

62
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The worldwide reduction of ozone is most dramatic over Antarctica, where it is known as the ozone

hole

63
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Select all likely effects of global warming.

Decreased precipitation for some countries

Disruption of agriculture

Disruption of natural ecosystems

Increased precipitation for some countries

64
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Why is carbon dioxide the most important increasing greenhouse gas in terms of its effect on global warming?

Its concentration in the atmosphere is much higher than that of the other greenhouse gases.

65
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What percent of the world's fish stocks are officially rated as being overexploited?

25%

66
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Atmospheric carbon dioxide affects global temperatures because it absorbs which of the following?

Electromagnetic energy

67
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Stratospheric ozone over Antarctica has been reduced by an amount of ______ compared to its historical concentration.

33-50%

68
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The fact that ice forms later and melts sooner than it used to on lakes and rivers is one example of evidence that supports

global warming.

69
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What can be an effect of global warming on northern Europe?

Increased precipitation

70
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atmospheric carbon dioxide is important because it directly affects which of the following?

Global temperatures

71
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Select all likely effects of global warming on human populations.

Some remedies will be costly

Some changes will be negative

Some changes will be beneficial

72
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Select all sources of evidence for global warming.

Increase in ice-free seasons

Retreat of glaciers

Loss of ice at the North Pole

73
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The negative consequences of global warming are expected to impact which of the following?

Poor countries more than wealthy ones