Paris Urbanism Final

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Philosopher known for 'The Social Contract' and 'Discourse on Inequality', which argues that private property is the source of inequality.

Social Contract

An agreement where individuals surrender some natural freedoms in exchange for the protection of a collective society governed by the 'general will'.

French Revolution

A period beginning in 1789 characterized by the overthrow of the ancien régime and the establishment of a republic.

Estates General

A consultative body comprising three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners, which had not met since 1614 prior to 1789.

Jacobin Club

A political club founded in 1789 that became a powerful republican movement during the Revolution, known for leading the Reign of Terror.

Maximilien Robespierre

A key figure in the French Revolution known for leading the Reign of Terror, ultimately guillotined during the Thermidorian Reaction.

Guillotine

A device used for carrying out executions by beheading, required by law for death sentences in Revolutionary France.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Leader of the French Republic and later the Emperor, instrumental in the Napoleonic Wars and the coup d'état of November 1799.

Bourbon Restoration

The return of the House of Bourbon to power in France after the fall of Napoleon in 1815, characterized by a constitutional monarchy.

July Revolution of 1830

A revolt against King Charles X that led to the establishment of the July Monarchy under Louis-Philippe Orléans.

Le Père Goriot

A novel by Honoré de Balzac that explores social struggles during the Bourbon Restoration and the pursuit of higher social status.

Arcades

Early shopping malls in Paris that provided covered spaces for leisure and commerce, characterized by organized social class differentiation.

Le Bon Marché

The oldest department store in Paris, founded in 1838, representing the evolution of retail and consumer culture.

Second Republic

The government established in France following the revolutions of 1848, characterized by the election of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte.

Cataphiles

Individuals who illegally explore the catacombs and tunnels beneath Paris.

Impressionism

An art movement developed in France in the 19th century emphasizing painting outdoors and capturing the effects of light and color.

The Belle Époque

A period in French history from 1871 to 1914 characterized by optimism, economic prosperity, and cultural flourishing.

The Eiffel Tower

Constructed for the 1889 World's Fair, it was the tallest structure in the world from 1889 to 1930.

Dreyfus Affair

A political scandal from 1894 to 1906 that involved the wrongful conviction of a Jewish French officer, highlighting antisemitism in France.

Émile Zola

A French novelist known for his naturalist works and for his role in the Dreyfus Affair through his open letter 'J’accuse!'.

Banlieue

Refers to suburbs, often associated with low-income and immigrant families as urban populations shifted away from city centers.

Paris Métro

The rapid transit system of Paris, which began operation in 1900 and is known for its Art Nouveau signage.

Café-Concert

A popular entertainment venue in late 19th-century Paris featuring vaudeville and musical performances for the middle class.

Moulin Rouge

A famous cabaret in Paris, known as the birthplace of the can-can dance and featured in various films and artworks.

World's Fair

International exhibitions designed to showcase advances in technology, industry, and culture, notably held in Paris in various years.

What significant public transport development was inaugurated at the 1900 World's Fair in Paris?

The Paris Métro was inaugurated.

How many stations were included when the Paris Métro opened?

321 stations including 61 with transfers.

What was the artistic style of the logo for the Paris Métro?

Art Nouveau Style.

Which major sports event was initiated in 1903, coinciding with the rise of leisure and entertainment in Paris?

The Tour de France.

Who directed the film 'Subway' (1985), which featured the Paris Métro?

Luc Besson directed the film.

Which notable artist criticized European civilization in the late 1800s?

Paul Gauguin criticized European civilization.

What was the popular style of entertainment for the middle classes in Paris during the Belle Époque?

Café-concerts.

What was Alphonse Mucha known for?

He was known for his Art Nouveau designs, including posters and murals.

Which famous French sculpture was prepared for the 1900 exposition by Auguste Rodin?

La Porte d'Enfer (The Gate of Hell).

What major infrastructure developments did the 1900 World’s Fair leave as a legacy in Paris?

A new bridge (Pont Alexandre) and an underground metro system.

What were the three main parts of Dante Alighieri's 'Divine Comedy'?

Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso.

What did Josephine Baker represent in post-war France?

Female freedom and independence.

What was the key theme of the 1937 exhibition that featured Picasso's 'Guernica'?

The Spanish Civil War and anti-fascism.

What architectural innovation did Le Corbusier promote?

Modern architecture with functionalism and sculptural expressionism.

What impact did Dadaism and Surrealism have on art during the early 20th century?

They expressed the unconscious mind, often depicting illogical or dreamlike scenes.

What was a defining characteristic of Art Deco compared to Art Nouveau?

Art Deco celebrated the machine age with geometric and sharp modern technology.

What is noted about the legacy of Vichy France after World War II?

It involved collaboration with Nazi Germany and was marked by a collective guilt in the aftermath.

What did the film 'Inglourious Basterds' portray?

An alternate history storyline involving Jewish American soldiers and a plot to assassinate Nazi leadership.

Paris Under the Occupation

A period during which Paris was occupied by German forces in World War II, affecting everyday life and cultural experiences.

Negritude movement

A literary and cultural movement among French-speaking African and Caribbean writers in Paris, protesting against colonial rule and promoting Black identity.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem, New York during the 1920s, influencing Black culture and thought.

Existentialism

A philosophical movement that emphasizes individual existence and personal responsibility, exploring the meaning of life in an absurd or incomprehensible universe.

Cahiers du Cinéma

A French film magazine that played a significant role in film criticism and theory, associated with the French New Wave directors.

Jazz Age

A period in the 1920s characterized by the popularity of jazz music and a cultural shift towards modernity and artistic experimentation.

Josephine Baker

An African American entertainer and civil rights activist who found fame in Paris in the 1920s, celebrated for her contributions to jazz music and dance.

Frantz Fanon

A Martinican psychiatrist and philosopher known for his work on decolonization and race, particularly in his book 'Black Skin, White Masks'.

Algerian War

An armed conflict between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN), resulting in Algeria's independence from French colonial rule.

French New Wave

A film movement in the late 1950s and 1960s known for its rejection of traditional filmmaking techniques and emphasis on experimentation.