Speech and Hearing Science - Chapter 4 Breathing

breathing

inhal/exhal of air

inhal/inspiration

movmt of air INTOOO upper and lower airways

upper airway

above glottis

exhlation/expiration

movmt air OUTTT of lower and upper airways

respiration

gas exchange at cellular

lower structures

trachea, brochii tree, lungs and aveolli, supprtng systems like skelteal etc

lungs

smooth, spngy. right side has 3 lobes left side has 2 lobes

lugs are elastic and exert inward relaxation SMOOTH MUSCLE INVOLUNTARY

blood vessels, connective tissue, brochialtree passageway is 90% air

lungs increase in what 3 directions. why

A to P

I to S

and laterrally

lungs attached to thoracic cage

increase lung volume leads to ___ pressure compared to atompheric pressure

lowering

boyles law

*given constant temp

what veretebrae is the traches at

T6

terminal bronchial

last bronchi, tiniest

how many divisions or generations of bronchi

38

first 9 are not engaged in gas exchange. this is called dead space!

alveoli

• size?

• number?

• func

microscopic

7 million

helps maintain concentration gradient for ventilation!!!! - surfactant prevents collapse of lung.

skeletal framework includes

bones, cartilages, ligaments and tendons

pectoral gridle

ribcage

sternum

spine

pelvic girdle

PROTECTION, STABILITY N MOVEMENT

joints are important for what

relelveant for MOVEMENT

recall types of joints from a&Pneur

neural control func

makes mvmt possible

cns - brain and spinal cord

pns - cranial and spinal nerves

afferent vs efferent

extrapyramidal and IAP

regulate tone and posture

motor control

functins of neural control sysems

dap/pyramidal

excitatory / contractions

control circuit

regulaye purposeful motion

fcp/lmn

mediates all activity

more number of muscle fibers innervated = higher ___ ration. which leads to ___

innervation ration

leads to actual muscle action that supports gross movements

percentage of possible contraction

10-50%

what is a passive movement for muscles

relaxation

4 diff work of muscles

• isotonic - contract shorten

• concentric - chorten mvmt of skeleteal

• isometric- contract opposed by another muscle, no shorten no mvmt

  • eccentric - conract, partially opposed, mvmt is slowed

mvmt depends on __ of muscle

load

load can be or .

iinternal or external body forces

internal - weight of the body parts and opposing pull of muscles

external - from outside , gravity etc

muscles work in pairs

agnoist - prime mover

antagonist - opposes contraction

muscle activity is not mutually exclusive

inhale throacic….

raisies and expands

and vice versa for exhalation

during inhalation the diarpgam

flattens in center and spreads on edges which compresses the abdominal contents

what does it mean for muscle to produce synergy

stability, expansins, elevation and ddepression that is all controlled

motor eualivance

using diff muscles in unique ways to come to a same goal

different betwn castal and rostal intercoastals

tidal breathing

inhal and exhal during restful breathing

visceral pleura

lung layer

parietal pleura

thoracic cavity lavyer

what should the intrapleural pressure be btwn lung

-5 cm h20/ neg pressure pulls it outward so important

prevents collapse!!

thoracic vs lung pressure relationship

lung always want to compress. thoracic wants to expand.

at 65% both ends are equally pulling

we cannot have more that 65% vital capacity. force btwn is too strong

elastic recoil force!!

quiet breathing cycle is

wherre does it begin

mention pressure/volume changes and direction

tidal breathing

begins with diapram

increase lung volume, reduce pressure, inward airflow, pressure equalizes

residual volume (RV)

past maximum expiration. there is no way for you to expel this air and still be alive.

residual air will completely empty if you are DEAD

vital capacity contins

breathing! big and quiet breathing.

IRV + TV + ERV

but NOOOOO residual volume

when you see vital think life or alive!

what is the “resting level”

the level in which quiet breathing (or tidal volume) occurs.

IRV vs ERV

maximum inspiration vs maximum expiration

erv stands for

expiratory reserve volume

maximum expiration

in efficent speaking we do not use this too often.

total lung capacity (tlc)

erthan!

IRV and ERV and RV

tidal breathing takes up what percentage of air?

how many cycles/min approximately?

how far is the diaphragm moving

15% of vital capacity

12-15 cycles per minute

diaphragm moves 1 cm

another term for forced inhalation

IRV - inspiration

more air than tidal volume

in tidal breathing is inpiration longer or shorter than expiration

shorter

what concept is important for speech breathing

relaxation pressure concept

FRC stands for

functional residual capacity

positive relaxation pressure =

forces act to decrease lung volume

negative relaxation pressure =

forces act to increase lung volume

frc=

erv + rv

speech breathing requires lung pressure to be

maintained

subglottal pressure required for soft phoantion

2-3 cm H20

subglottal pressure for loud range

greater than 15 cm H20

2-30 is the full range

inspiratory muscle checking

rate of breathing during speech

12-20 cycles (like quiet breathing)

timing differs for speech!

volume and muscular activity differs as well.

exhalation and inhalation time for speech breathing

(percentage changes)

inhalation decreased from 40% to 10%

exhation increases from 60 to 90%

action of inspiration muscles directly realte to

lung volume

speech breathing is a __process

adaptive

posture, body type, cognitive-linguistic all affect speech

calcicular breathing

when you breathe in you raisie your shoulders. abd muscles is drawn in while inhaling

could be comfy for individ

chest breathing/high breathing

ab muscles is restrict and compressed. chest going up and down.

could be comfy for individ

when reading aloud higher __ rate

ventilation

airflow is work directly proportional to

pressure

airway resistance increases or decreases with diamater of

the tube!

bronchiole s are narrow but air resistance arent high because of all the branching!

elastic resistance effects speech breathing. the greater the elastic resistance the __ the lung volume

higher .

more work can be done.

viscosity is resistance to flow of fluids. breathhing while in sauna vs outside

dysfunc breathing disorders

dyspnea

shortness of breath

stridor

noisy breathing - turbulent flow (contriction)

fatigue associated breathing sounds like

more effort to speak

slp diagnosis speech breathing problems

not breathing disorders - thats for physicians