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Conservative
Usually wealthy property owners and nobility who argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe.
Liberal
Mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants. They wanted to give more power to the elected parliaments, but only the educated and the landowners would vote.
Radical
Favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people. They believed that governments should practice the ideals of the French.
Anarchism
A belief that government is harmful and not needed.
Nationalism
Belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to ones king or empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture, ethnicity, or history.
Nation-State
When a nation has its own independent government-defends its territory and way of life-represents the nation to the rest of the world. “Nation” means cultural group and “state” means political entity.
Ottoman Empire controlled…
Controlled Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and Yugoslavia
Greek Orthodox Christian
Ruled by Muslim Ottomans.
Battle of Navarino
In 1827 British, French and Russian fleets destroyed the Ottoman fleet resulting in Britain, France, and Russia to sign a treaty guaranteeing an independent Kingdom of Greece in 1830.
Treaty of London
After riots grew in Brussels about Dutch rule from the Congress of Vienna, it was signed to acknowledge Belgium's independence.
Belgium Revolution
Belgium and Netherlands united under the Congress of Vienna so Nationalists riot against Dutch rule in Brussels. Declared Independence with Treaty of London
Italian Revolution
Nationalists like Giuseppe Mazzini tried to unite the Italian states which were independent or ruled by Austria or the Pope. Metternich sent Austrian troops to Italy to crush the radicals.
Polish Revolution/November Uprisings
Polish failed to revolt against Russia for their independence.
French Revolutions
In 1830 King Charles X wanted to return to absolute monarchy causing the revolt. He fled to Great Britain and was replaced by Louis-Philipe who supported liberal reforms in France.
Bohemia’s Revolution (Austria)
Revolution started when Czechs wanted a say in government for Slavs. General Windischgratz finally put down the revolution after his wife was shot during the fighting.
The March Revolution in Vienna(Austria)
Revolution started by students for a liberal government with democratic representation like a constitution, freedom of speech, and an end to feudalism. Forced Chancellor Metternich to flee to England. Protests were crushed by the Austrian government, creating higher tensions. In response Emperor Ferdinand I promised reforms and a new constitution but delayed action causing more issues.
Magyars
Hungarian ethnic group in Austria
Hungary’s Revolution (Austria)
Revolution started by Magyars for their own country independent of Austrian rule. Austrian emperor Franz Joseph gets help from Russia to put down the revolts.
Prussia’s Revolution
Revolution started while trying to combine Germany with Austria where liberals and nationalists couldn’t agree on the plan.
Frankfurt Assembly
Meeting to decide between Kleindeutsh (united Germany without Austria) and Grossdeutsch (Germany with Austria) and proposed a parliamentary democracy which focused on uniting German states.
1848 Revolutions
Paris mob overthrows Louis-Philippe to set up a republic. Radicals split up into factions (wealthy vs poor) causing violent battles in Paris, pushing French against radicals. New constitution was created and Louis-Napoleon was elected as President becoming Emperor Napoleon III with a happy ending.
Giuseppe Mazzini
Young Italian Nationalist who united the Italian states. Metternich then sent Austrian troops to crush the radicals
King Charles X
Attempted to turn France into an absolute monarchy causing a revolution. Fled to Great Britain.
Louis-Philipe
Replaced King Charles X on the French throne after their revolution.
Chancellor Metternich
Previously the creator of Austria's conservative rule who fled to England during the March Revolution in Vienna.
General Windischgrätz
Austrian, agreed to give Czechs a say in government after his wife was shot during the Bohemian Revolution.
Franz Joseph
Austria’s Emperor during Hungary’s revolts.
Louis-Napoleon
Napoleon’s nephew who was elected as the President after the 1848 revolutions. Became Emperor Napoleon III
How did nationalism and liberalism cause revolts in Europe from 1820-1848?
People identified with each other based on cultures and ethnicities and created a smaller nation within a country. These different nations wanted independence from their larger country so they could live by their own beliefs and policies.
Describe the revolutions in Austria in 1848 ***
Emperor Ferdinand I ruled with an oppressive absolute monarchy centralized in Vienna. Discontent rose after poor harvests leading to famine and rising food prices (1845-1846). People saw the successes of the French revolution and were inspired by liberalism and nationalism ideas. Nationalism groups like Hungarians, Czechs, and Italians sought greater autonomy or independence. This led to the revolutions in 1848. The March Revolution in Vienna was started by students. They protested for a liberal government with a constitution, freedom of speech, and an end to feudalism. They were able to force Chancellor Metternich to resign and flee to England but ultimately protests were crushed by the Austrian government, creating higher tensions. In response Emperor Ferdinand I promised reforms and a new constitution but delayed action causing more issues. Bohemia’s revolution began with mass protests in Prague, leading to the creation of a Czech National Committee that demanded self rule. However the movement was weakened by issues between the Czech Nationalists and German speaking liberals. Prince Windisch-Gratz eventually crushed their revolution during the Prague Uprising. This resulted in increased repression strengthening absolutism during Emperor Franz Joseph’s rule. Hungary revolted led by Lajos Kossuth for Mygars to have their own rule as a country independent of Austria. Initially, Austria struggled to repress the revolt but internal divisions weakened their rebellion. Austria was able to crush the revolution with the help of the Russian military restoring Habsburg control. Although these revolutions all failed, their resilience made an impact, leading them to eventually achieve the Austro-Hungarian Compromise later in 1864.
Why did the revolutions in Greece, Belgium, and France succeed?
All these countries were able to get support from other countries to be stronger and overcome. Other revolutions like Poland failed because they were fighting independently.
Why did Austria and Prussia fail in 1848?
Because of the widespread revolutionary movement across Europe, Austria and Prussia became unstable because of their large and ethnically diverse countries and the effects of Nationalism. Hungary, the Papal states, and Bohemia all wanted independence from Austria, dividing the empire. Metternich's resignation during the backlash lost control of the conservative order. In Prussia, protests in Berlin demanded to draft a constitution with liberal reforms for a unified Germany.
