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Surface Temperature
Determined by energy balance at the surface.
Sensible Heat
May move from one surface to another by conduction.
Latent Heat Transfer
Exchange of heat during evaporation (cooling) or condensation (warming).
Insolation
Daily and seasonal variations of solar radiation received at the surface.
Albedo
The reflectivity of a surface, affecting how much solar energy is absorbed.
Urban Heat Island
An urban area that is significantly warmer than its rural surroundings due to human activities.
Evapotranspiration
The combined processes of evaporation from moist soils and transpiration from plants.
Temperature Inversion
Occurs when the upper air is warmer than the lower air, often happening overnight.
Isotherms
Lines on a map that connect points of equal temperature.
Continental vs. Maritime Climates
Continental climates have larger annual temperature ranges, while maritime climates have smaller ranges.
Thermometer
An instrument that describes energy, measuring temperature but not heat.
Temperature Gradient
The rate of temperature change in relation to distance.
Elevation and Temperature Relationship
Generally, temperatures drop with altitude.
Daily Maxima and Minima
The fluctuation of temperatures during the day influenced by net radiation.
Cryosphere Temperature
Areas of perpetual ice and snow are always intensely cold.
Temperature Distributions
Reveals patterns of high and low temperatures across the globe.
Energy Balance at the Surface
The equilibrium between the incoming energy from the sun and outgoing energy from the Earth.
What factors determine surface temperature?
Surface temperature is determined by the energy balance at the surface.
How is sensible heat transferred?
Sensible heat may move from one surface to another by conduction.
What is latent heat transfer?
Latent heat transfer involves the exchange of heat during evaporation or condensation.
What does insolation refer to?
Insolation refers to daily and seasonal variations of solar radiation received at the surface.
What is albedo?
Albedo is the reflectivity of a surface, affecting how much solar energy is absorbed.
What causes an urban heat island?
An urban heat island is caused by human activities that make urban areas significantly warmer than rural surroundings.
What is evapotranspiration?
Evapotranspiration is the combined processes of evaporation from soils and transpiration from plants.
What is a temperature inversion?
A temperature inversion occurs when the upper air is warmer than the lower air, often happening overnight.
What are isotherms?
Isotherms are lines on a map that connect points of equal temperature.
How do continental and maritime climates differ?
Continental climates have larger annual temperature ranges, while maritime climates have smaller ranges.
What is NOT one of the forms of energy flows influencing surface temperature?
Metabolic is NOT one of the forms of energy flows that influence temperature at the surface.
On which day(s) is the Sun directly overhead at noon on the Equator?
The Sun is directly overhead at noon on the Equinoxes.
What mechanism accomplishes poleward energy transfer?
Broad-scale atmospheric circulation patterns and ocean currents help transfer energy poleward.
Where is the highest insolation experienced on a single day?
The highest insolation on a single day is experienced at the Equator.
What term describes an increase in temperature with height in the troposphere?
This situation is called an Inversion.
Which city is coldest in winter based on latitude?
(Answer would depend on specific cities provided, not specified here.)
What is NOT an important factor influencing air temperature?
Longitude is NOT an important factor influencing air temperature.
When are warmest temperatures expected on the Tropic of Cancer?
Warmest temperatures on the Tropic of Cancer are expected in late July or early August.
When does temperature tend to peak on a sunny day?
Temperature tends to peak between 2 p.m. and 4 p.m. on a sunny day.
How does the angle of the Sun influence insolation?
As the angle is closer to the horizon, the insolation is less.
