Arthropathies: Developmental Arthropathies (Cram)

Fill in the blank: Arthropathies are diseases of the _______ system that most often involve _______ deficits or functional disorders

musculoskeletal, motion

What are the two most common arthropathy disorders?

1. Skeletal disorders

2. Articular disorders

What are the six causes of arthropathies?

1. Developmental

2. Infectious (or septic)

3. Degenerative

4. Neoplasia

5. Trauma

6. Immune mediated

What are the five developmental arthropathies?

1. Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head

2. Hip dysplasia

3. Osteochondrosis

4. Patellar luxation

5. Elbow dysplasia

Another term for aseptic necrosis of the femoral head

Legg–Calve–Perthes disease

Does aseptic necrosis of the femoral head occur in larger or smaller breeds more commonly?

Smaller breeds are more common

Fill in the blank: Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head is associated with _______ (limited blood supply) and _______ necrosis of the bone

ischemia, avascular

True or false: Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head is often bilateral

True. It often effects both femoral heads

Name some clinical signs of aseptic necrosis of the femoral head

Hindlimb lameness, atrophy of thigh muscles, pain during manipulation of the hip joint

Why would you suspect aseptic necrosis of the femoral head on this radiograph?

Note: This radiograph is a unilateral case of aseptic necrosis of the femoral head

Irregular bone density, head fragmented, and shallow joint

What is the treatment for aseptic necrosis of the femoral head? It the prognosis good?

Surgical excision of the affected femoral head and neck. Prognosis is very good

Patellar luxation is a hereditary disorder in which three species?

1. Dogs

2. Cats

3. Horses

Fill in the blank: Patellar luxation is characterized by the ______ (in an abnormal position) development of the patella medial or lateral to the _______ _______ of the femur

ectopic, trochlear groove

What about this patient's hindlimbs indicate patellar luxation?

Bowed back legs

Do cats and small/miniature breeds typically have a medial luxation or a lateral luxation?

Medial luxation

Do large dogs typically have a medial luxation or lateral luxation?

Lateral luxation

What grade of patellar luxation is this: The dog experiences infrequent episodes of the patella slipping out of place. It goes back on its own

Grade I

What grade of patellar luxation is this: When the joint is flexed, the patella luxates out

Grade II

What grade of patellar luxation is this: The patella is more often out of the trochlear groove than in the trochlear groove. The patella can be helped back into the groove with assistance

Grade III

What grade of patellar luxation is this: The patella cannot be manipulated back into the trochlear groove, or can be with a lot of difficulty

Grade IV

Is this a medial or lateral patellar luxation?

Medial patellar luxation

True or false: Patellar luxation happens because the patella was is too big to fit in the trochlear groove

False: A shallow trochlear groove is a factor. But it happens because the ligament is pulling the patella to the medial or lateral aspect of the leg

True or false: Patellar luxation is often treated with surgery, and the prognosis is good in mild or moderately affected animals

True. The surgeries involve deepening the trochlear groove, fascial releasing incisions, joint capsule imbrication, etc.

What structure in the legs tends to get damaged due to increased weight bearing because of a patellar luxation?

Note: Or medial meniscal injuries

Cruciate ligament

True or false: Cats are less severely affected by patellar luxation than dogs. They have a better prognosis

True

Abnormal endochondral ossification of epiphyseal cartilage

Osteochondrosis

Name some predisposing factors for osteochondrosis

Large/giant dog breed, excessive nutrition, rapid growth, trauma, and hereditary

Term for osteochondrosis that involves cartilage cracks, fissures, and flaps

Osteochondrosis dissecans

Fill in the blank: Osteochondrosis involves ______–itis, _____–itis, and _____ breakdown

synov, arthr, cartilage

Name some clinical signs of osteochondrosis

Lameness, effusion, and reduced range of motion

What class of drugs is frequently used to treat inflammation associated with osteochondrosis?

Note: Other treatment options include surgical, joint fluid modifiers, and hyaluronic acid

NSAIDS

What is the brand name of a very commonly used monthly joint fluid modifier?

Note: Generic is pentosan polysulfate

Cartrophen Vet®

Are horses more or less likely to recieve surgical treatment for osteochondrosis than small animals?

Horses are more likely to get surgical treatment, small animals are more likely to get drug therapies

Condition that effects young, large breed, rapidly growing dogs. It involves an ununited anconeal process

Elbow dysplasia

What are the three kinds of elbow dysplasisa?

1. Ununited anconeal process

2. Fragmentation of the medial coronoid process

3. Osteochondrosis of the medial humeral condyle

Circle the area of this radiograph that indicates elbow dysplasia. What kind of elbow dysplasia is it?

This is fragmentation of the medial coronoid process

Circle the area of this radiograph that indicates elbow dysplasia. What kind of elbow dysplasia is it?

This is an united anconeal process

True or false: The lameness associated with elbow dysplasia is often easier to detect than lameness associated with hip dysplasia

False. The lameness assoiated with elbow dysplasia is harder to detect

You see this on a radiograph of a dog with fragmentation of the medial coronoid process. Can it be taken into surgery?

Once the bones have fractured to this extent, the integrity of the bone is comprimised and surgery is hard to preform. Early surgery is best in elbow dysplasia cases

Fill in the blank: Prognosis after surgery for elbow dysplasia is good if ______ ______ disease has not developed in the joint

degenerative joint

Conditont of abnormal development of the coxofemoral joint in large dogs

Hip dysplasia

A dog with hip dysplasia is said to sometime have what kind of gait?

Bunny–hopping

What is a common method of measuring the risk of hip dysplasia in dogs? It measures joint laxity and determines the risk of degenerative joint disease

Penn hip

What are some treatments for mild/nonsurgical hip dysplasia candidates?

Weight loss, restricted exercise on hard surfaces, physical therapy, NSAIDS, joint fluid modifiers