trauma

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68 Terms

1

comminuted

bone is broke into more than two fragments

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2

epiphyseal

fracture that occurs in growth section of a child's bone that may result in growth abnormalities

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3

greenstick

incomplete fracture that passes only through the shaft of a bone; occurs in children

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4

incomplete

fracture that doesn't run completely through the bone; nondisplaced patrial crack

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5

oblique

broken at an angle across the bone

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6

pathologic

fracture of weakened or diseased bone (ex. osteoporosis, infection, cancer)

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7

spiral

fracture caused by twisting or spinning force; long, spiral shaped break in the bone

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8

transverse

fracture straight across the bone

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9

coup-contrecoup brain injury

a brain injury that occurs when force is applied to the head and energy transmission through brain tissue causes injury on the opposite side of original impact

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10

traumatic aortic transection/rupture

sudden and rapid deceleration of the heart and aorta within the thoracic cavity, which may rupture the aorta and cause fatal bleeding

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11

cavitation

when speed causes a bullet to generate pressure waves, which causes damage distant from the bullet's path; caused by rapid changes in tissue and fluid pressure that occur in tissue and fluid pressure with passage of the projectile

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12

arterial air embolism

air bubbles in the arterial blood vessels; disturbances in vision, changes in behavior and state of consciousness, other neurologic signs; result of pulmonary blast injury

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13

subarachnoid

beneath the arachnoid layer covering the brain

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14

subdural

beneath the outermost covering of the brain

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15

epidural hematoma

bleeding between the skull and dura mater (usually due to linear fracture of temporal bone

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16

contusion

bruise; injury with bleeding below the skin but does not break it

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17

hematoma

blood that has collected within damaged tissue or in a body cavity; when a blood vessel gets damaged and bleeds into surrounding tissues

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18

crush syndrome

area of the body trapped for longer than 4 hours, compromising arterial blood flow; after removal there are harmful substances that secrete from the damaged area

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19

compartment syndrome

edema and swelling result in increased pressure within a closed soft-tissue compartment; delivery of o2 and nutrients prevented

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20

abrasion

wound of the superficial layer of skin, caused by friction; does not penetrate past dermis

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21

laceration

jagged cut in the skin caused by a shap object or a blunt force that tears the tissue

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22

avulsion

injury that seperates various layers of soft tissue

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23

Commotio Cordis

trauma to chest when the heart is vulnerable, proceeds into ventricular fibrilation

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24

RICES

for closed soft-tissue injuries: rest, ice, compression, elevation, splinting

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25

air embolism

presence of air in veins due to open injury in neck, can lead to cardiac arrest if it enters the heart; cover with occlusive dressing

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26

critical/severe burns

3rd degree 5% or more; 2nd degree 20% or more, and 10% of younger than 5, older than 50 yrs; 1st degree 75% or more

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27

moderate burns

3rd degree less than 10%; 2nd degree 15-30%, 1st degree 50-75%

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28

minor burns

3rd degree less than 2%; 2nd degree less than 15%; 1st degree less than 50%

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29

thermal burn

caused by heat;

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30

chemical burn

caused by a toxic substance becoming in contact with the body; remove chemical (dry brush than irrigate for 15-20 minutes)

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31

electrical burn

have enterance + exit wounds; remove the source first! and may need to CPR

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32

radiation burn

most gamma; first decontaminate by hazmat, then irrigate wounds and remove clothing sources

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33

signs of hypoperfusion (head/face injury)

tachycardia; tachypnea; low blood pressure; weak pulse; cool, moist, pale skin

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34

suspicion of spinal or brain injury

any significant blow to the face or throat

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35

orbital fracture

indicated by one eye appearing to be lower than the other

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36

closed head injury

brain has been injured but there is no opening to the brain

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37

open head injury

an opening exists from the outside to the brain

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38

raccoon eyes

bruising under the eyes; sign of skull fracture

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39

battle sign

bruising behind one ear over the mastoid process; skull fracture sign

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40

linear skull fracture

(nondisplaced) 80%; no deformities to skull, fracture

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41

epistaxis

nosebleeds

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42

depressed skull fracture

high-energy trauma to head, depression into head; bone fragmnts may be driven into brain

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43

basilar skull fractures

from diffuse impact (falls, motor vehicle crashes); extenion of a linear fracture to the base of the skull;; signs are CSF drainage through ear, and raccoon eyes or battle sign

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44

open skull fractures

severe force to head that may cause brain tissue to be exposed; high mortality and infection rate

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45

primary injury

injury to brain and its associated structures

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46

secondary injury

multitude of processes that increase the severity of primary brain injury; ex. caused by intracranial pressure, hypoxia, hypotension

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47

motor vehicle damage of brain

compression injury (brusising) of anterior portion of the brain along with stretching or tearing of the posterior portion of the brain

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48

signs of increased intracranial pressure

cheyene-stokes resirations, Biot (ataxic) respirations

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49

biot respirations

irregular rate, pattern, and volume of breathing with intermittent periods of apnea

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50

central neurogenic hyperventilation

abnormal breathing pattern associated with ICP that is characterized by deep rapid breathing

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51

Cushing reflex

increased systolic blood pressure, decreased heart rate, irregular and decreased respirations (opposite of shock)

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52

Subdural hematoma

accumulation of blood between the dura mater but outside of the brain; usually associated with strong deceleration forces; venous bleeding

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53

intracerebral hematoma

bleeding in the brain tissue itself

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54

subarachnoid hemorrhage

bleeding into subarachnoid space where CSF circulates; sudden severe headache

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55

compression of spine

usually the result of a fall

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56

three collisions

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57

solid organs

bleeding concern; spleen, liver, pancreas, kidneys

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58

hollow organs

worried about infection; stomach, gallbladder, duodenum, large intestine, small intestine, bladder

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59

shearing injuries

can damage the aorta and vena cava

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60

rib fractures

painful and can make breathing difficult; can lacerate blood vessels or lung tissue

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61

flail chest

fracture of 2+ consecutive ribs in 2+ places, leaving a portion of the chest wall unstable; leads to inadequate breathing and hhypoventilation

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62

paradoxical motion

movement of flail segment is opposite to movement of the remainder of the chest cavities

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63

pneumothorax and tension pneumothorax

air accumulates in the chest cavity, possibly causing lung collapse; tension = puts pressure on heart and vena cava

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64

traumatic asphyxia

sudden compression of chest forcing blood out of organs and rupturing blood vessels; neck and face are darker than rest of body - may cause bulging eyes, distended neck veins, broken blood vessels in face; chest deformity

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65

cardiac tamponade

direct injury to heart causing blood to flow into the pericardial sac; tough sac = increased pressure on heart so chambers cannot fill, blood backs up into veins

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66

cardiac tamponade symptoms

shock + narrowed pulse pressure, distended neck veins, JVD, muffled heart tones; very weak pulse, low BP, steadily decreasing pulse pressure

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67

aortic injury symptoms

pain in chest, abdomen, or back; signs of shock; differences in blood pressure between arms

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68

hemothorax symptoms

coughing up frothy-red blood

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