Heimler APWH Unit 5

Enlightenment

The ___ was an intellectual movement that applied new ways of understanding, such as rationalist and empiricist approaches, to both the natural world and human relationships. It provided much of the ideological context for the political revolutions that occurred in this time period, especially by rejecting external authority (like an holy book or god) and teaching that real authority comes from inside a person.

individual

The ___ is the most basic unit of society, not collective groups.

natural

All human beings are born with certain ___ rights from God, not a monarch; namely life, liberty, and property.

social contract

The ___ states that governments are created by the people in order to protect their natural rights. If a government abuses that power, then people have the right to overthrow that government and replace it with one that upholds their rights.

popular sovereignty

The idea of ___ states that the power to govern is in the hands of the people.

democracy

A ___ is a system in which all people had the right to vote and direct the operations of their government.

Liberalism

___ is a political and economic ideology that emphasizes protection of civil rights, the necessity of a representative government, the protection of private property, and free markers as the basis for trade.

suffrage

Also known as the right to vote, the expansion of ___ was ann important effect of the Enlightenment. After the American Revolution, only landed white males could vote. By the first half of the 19th century, all white men could; and by the second half of the 19th century, Black men could too.

The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen

During this period, a burgeoning feminist movement arose and women began to demand equality in all areas of life, not least voting. French activist Olympus de Gouges protested loudly against this inequality in ___. She criticized the French Constitution, written in 1791, for completely sidelining women’s participation in post-revolutionary France.

coerced labor

The ideas of natural rights and liberty, for example in John Locke’s writings, didn’t align with the practice of ___. Czar Alexander II adopted a more western and liberal mindset and abolished serfdom, putting him at odds with the nobility who profited immensely from the institution. Serfs also contributed to its end by stating numerous revolts.

Nationalism

___ is a sense of commonality among a people based on shared language, religion, social customs, and often linked with a desired territory. They often had a shared vision for the future and defined a common enemy for themselves. What previously bound people together was their membership in an empire, but empires contained a massive amount of cultural diversity that were ultimately kept together by the people in charge. As this ideology takes hold, people who share cultural traits and ethnicities want to rule themselves.

language

Some leaders used the growing sense of nationalism to foster a sense of unity among their people. Russian leaders understood that the Russian ___ was partial to their identity as Russians, therefore they required it to be spoken throughout their territorial holdings in order to create a sense of unity among the various ethnicities under the authority of the state.

Muhammad Ali

Egypt was technically part of the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century, but largely operated independently due to a military government led by ___. By acting independently of the sultan, he made steps toward industrialization by operating textile and weapon factories. Meanwhile, the Ottomans were struggling and declining due to corruption and internal conflicts and had little energy or sources to invest in industrialization.

political

Enlightenment ideas, nationalism, and growing discontent with monarchist and imperial rule caused ___ revolutions.

The Declaration of Independence

The 13 colonies on the eastern shore of North America were not happy with the heavy handed rule of imperial Britain, so they rebelled. This revolution was influenced by Enlightenment ideas, namely the social contract and popular sovereignty, which Thomas Jefferson expressed in ___.

United States of America

The ___ was a republic set up as a result of American Revolution and was assisted by the French. The success of the revolution provided a model and inspiration for the overthrow of other imperial and monarchical rule and the establishment of a democratic system of government.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

The ___ was a French document which ultimately inspired a revolution based on Enlightenment ideas like the Declaration of Independence.

Haiti

___ was France’s most prosperous colony, but when the majority Black and enslaved population heard about the French Revolution and its emphasis on equality and liberty, they were inspired a stage a revolution of their own.

Haitian Revolution

Under the leadership of Toussaint Louverture, the enslaved Haitians defeated the French in the ___ and established the second republic and first Black government in the Western Hemisphere. The establishment of this republic was the only truly successful large scale slave rebellion in the world.

Latin American Revolutions

Spanish and Portuguese colonies throughout central and South America were similarly influenced by Enlightenment ideas and began to resent the increasing control that their imperial parents were exerting upon them. In 1808, when Napoleon invaded Spain and the King of Portugal was deposed, it created enough instability in their American colonies to create the right moment to stage the ___. Latin American colonies were gradually winning independence after a series of long wars, many forming republican governments.

Propaganda Movement

The ___ was a nationalist movement in the Philippines, a Spanish colony at the time, that called for greater degree of self-rule. The Spanish rigidly stratified the Philippine society just as in the Americas. When some Filipinos travelled to Europe for university education and were exposed to Enlightenment ideas and nationalistic frameworks, they returned and sought to make changes by publishing tons of printed material informing the public about what they learned. The Spanish eventually crushed this movement, giving rise to the Philippine Revolution at the end of the 19th century.

Letter from Jamaica

The ___ by Simon Bolivar articulated a vision for Latin American independence. He called Spain’s political rivals in Europe to support their cause for independence and attempted to persuade Latin American nations to unite in the cause of throwing off Spanish colonial dominance.

unification

Both of these countries were a collection of many fragmented and semi-independent states, but under the influence of nationalism, military leaders from both nations inspired the ___ of Italy and Germany to their respective population.

Industrial

The ___ Revolution began in Great Britain and represents a change in the way we made goods. It had massive political, economic, and social effects and represents potentially the most profound change in the history of the world.

environmental, political, economic

The seven ___, ___, and ___ factors contributing to the beginning of industrialization were proximity to waterways, distribution of coal, iron, and timber, access to foreign resources, improved agricultural productivity, urbanization, legal protections of private property, and accumulation of capital. These are important because it is the presence or absence of them that will later determine where and at what speed industrialization will spread to other places.

waterways

Great Britain had an abundance of rivers and canals, so its proximity to ___ enabled the efficient and rapid transportation of manufactured goods to various markets.

coal, iron, timber

Between Great Britain and all its territorial holdings, they had an abundant distribution of ___, ___, and ___. These materials would become the fuel and building blocks of industrialization.

foreign

The beginning of industry was focused on textile or cloth production, so having access to ___ resources like giant fields of raw cotton from colonies including India was a major asset.

agricultural

New technologies and methods were introduced that improved ___ productivity and enabled Britain to feed way more mouthfuls than ever before. More food meant a higher birth rate, so Great Britain experienced a massive population increase during this period.

Urbanization

___ refers to the movement of rural people into cities. This occurred because farming was becoming more mechanized, which left lots of rural people out of jobs. As industrial production began to take root, those people flocked to the cities to find jobs.

legal

Britain passed ___ protections of private property for entrepreneurs who took risks to start and build new businesses in the manufacturing sector. This gave Britain a head start in industrialization because entrepreneurs felt safe enough to risk the investment to start those new businesses.

capital

Accumulation of ___ contributed to industrialization in Britain since it was home to people who had gotten rich off colonial endeavors such as the Atlantic slave trade and were more than willing to invest in and start up industrial companies.

specialization

Goods before the Industrial Revolution were hand made by artisans who needed many skills to complete their work. In factories, machines did all the work so the need for skilled labor declined while the ___ of labor increased as factory workers would perform one part of the manufacturing process over and over again.

share

As industrialization progressed, industrialized states gained more and more of a ___ in what was being made and sold to people throughout the world. In other places, specifically non-industrial places, it declined. India and Egypt had long been renowned for their textile production, but with the rise of mass produced textiles which were far cheaper, Indian and Egyptian market share declined.

France

Industrialization arrived in ___ after about 1815, but was slow to adapt due to relative lack of coal and iron deposits. Unlike Britain, the government played a role by sponsoring the construction of railroads and canals, which made it convenient to sell goods. Because the pace was slower, they avoided the major social upheavals that were more common in Britain.

United States

Industrialization occurred in the ___at the end of the 19th century because they were occupied with the Civil War. Afterward, this nation worked to industrialize and quickly became a major player on the global economic scale. They had the advantage of a large territory that allowed for abundant access to natural resources, a growing population that provided an expanding market for mass-produced goods, and a prosperous economy that led to a higher standard of living compared to their European counterparts.

Russia

Remained under the rule of an absolute czar, so while industrialization in the US and Britain was largely a private affair, ___’s was very much state driven. They built railroads to link their vast territory into an interdependent market. They made good progress, but the process was carried out with brutalization of workers leading to frequent uprisings.

Meiji Restoration

Japan was industrialization outlier since most other Asian states were declining in importance with the rise of industry and getting pushed around by industrialist nations. In the ___, Japan engaged in state-sponsored defensive industrialization which helped them become the most powerful state in the region.

steam engine

The ___, invented during the First Industrial Revolution by James Watt, used heat from burning coal to create steam and turn machines. It was also used to power locomotives and steamships which increased the speed of the transportation of manufactured goods.

internal combustion engine

With the development of methods to distill oil into gasoline, the ___ harnessed its energy and was way smaller and more efficient than the steam engine.

electricity

Thomas Edison utilized ___ during the Second Industrial Revolution in the incandescent light bulb which lit homes as well as factories. Electric streetcars and subways were developed that provided mass transit in major cities that were becoming increasingly large and complex thanks to continued industrialization. It also enabled the telegraph which sent communication across wire to distant places, known as Morse code.

multiplied

In the First Industrial Revolution, the steam engine was used in trains and ships. In the second, the dependence continued but miles of tracks and steamships ___. Both increased commerce by linking distant parts of a country into a national economy. Railroads facilitated more people moving from the country into the cities and the introduction of the steam engine into iron and then steel ships made long distance maritime trade a much easier endeavor.

Bessemer

The First Industrial Revolution utilized iron, while the introduction of the ___ process in the second allowed iron to be converted into steel that was much stronger than iron alone.

synthetic

During the Second Industrial Revolution, chemical engineers developed processes for creating ___ dyes for clothing, which was far cheaper than organic dyes that were used in the previous phase.

interior

For much of history, the most developed cities and states were typically located in coastal areas because that’s where most of the international interaction occurred. With the expansion of railroads, new settlements were developed in ___ regions that were previously difficult to reach.

multiplied

Developments in transportation ___ the amount of global trade by a factor of ten between 1850 and 1913. States across the world began becoming more closely linked into a global economy since transportation technologies made it easier and quicker for the global population to move around the world.

Wealth of Nations, laissez-faire

Adam Smith wrote the ___ which criticized mercantilist policies as coercive and beneficial to only a small part of society, the elite. He argued that individuals should be free to make economic decisions which benefitted them based on the laws of supply and demand. He called for free markers free from state intrusion, known as ____ policies, and believed that the benefit of the individual would naturally benefit the whole society. He credited this to more even distribution of wealth and economic flourishing. After 1815, many western government governments adopted his policies and abandoned some of their state regulations which resulted in increased trade and greater wealth, thus proving Smith right.

vulcanization

A chemical process known as ___ made rubber harder and therefore more durable. Rubber was widely used in factories to make machines turn with belts and also became an effective coating for electrical wires and tires for automobiles.

transnational

A ___ business is a company that is established and controlled in one country but also establishes large operation in other countries, including joint-stock companies. Their number was growing rapidly due to the increasing interconnectedness of the global economy.

Unilever

The British and Dutch owned a joint company called the ___ Corporation that manufactured house goods like soap. They opened several factories around the world while sourcing its raw materials from colonial holdings, especially West Africa and the Belgian Congo.

Stock

___ markets enabled people to purchase small shares of ownership in a company. If the company made money, so too did the owner of the stocks.

liability

Limited ___ corporations were a way of organizing a business to protect the financial investment of its owners, similar to joint-stock companies.

richer, more

All western industrialized nations were far ___ in 1900 than they were in 1800 and there was a rise in standard of living. Further development of manufacturing technology meant ___ efficient production of goods which made them more affordable and gave more people access to everyday goods that improved their lives.

working, tenements

Governments who sponsored and capitalists who funded successful industrialization experienced the positive effects, while the ___ class experienced the opposite. They lived in shabby apartment complexes called ____ where disease spread rapidly, worked long hours doing mind numbing and dangerous work in factories, and got paid way less than was needed to survive. By the end of the 19th century, many among the working class were calling for reforms.

Political

___ reform for the working class included governments expanded suffrage in this period, often because they demanded it. They were doing all the work that made industrialization possible and reaping none of the benefits. Due to the expansion of suffrage, political parties began to represent the interests not only of the elite but also the growing working class.

Social

___ reform for the the working class included when they began to organize themselves into social societies that provided insurance for sickness and an occasion for social events that helped bind them together as a community.

educational

During the First Industrial Revolution, it wasn’t unusual for children to be employed in factories or mines. On account of lots of children getting sick or dying in their labors, many governments passed laws restricting children from working. Between 1870 and 1914, there was ___ reform for the working class as the majority of European government passed compulsory education laws to get boys and girls between the ages of 6 to 12 into school.

urban

Due to the rapid pace of urbanization, populations of cities often grew faster than governments could build infrastructure to support them. Industrial cities were unsanitary, and by the end of the 19th century, there was ___ reform for the working class as various governments attempted to solve those problems by funding sanitation infrastructure like sewers and passing laws to limit the number of hours the working class spent in jobs.

labor unions

Often factory owners and governments did not enact reforms with enthusiasm, so the working class had to force them with the creation of ___. They were collectives of workers that were able to negotiate and bargain as a group in order to improve their lives. As they multiplied in Europe and the US, they used their collective power to bargain for higher wages, limited working hours, and improved working conditions. Some became so influential that they morphed into proper political parties, such as the German Social Democratic Party which presented an alternate vision for society, a Marxist vision.

Marxism

___ was an ideological reaction to industrialization. Karl Marx observed the suffering of the working class and the prodigal wealth of the capitalist, so he developed the ideology of scientific darwinism: the proletariat becomes conscious of their suffering, rises up and overthrow the bourgeoise, takes over the means of production, and establishes a classes of society. This vision of a communist society in which there was no class division and everyone had what they needed proved to be a powerful alternative vision to the increasingly stratified capitalist society.

Self-Strengthening Movement

Starting with its conflicts with Great Britain, China was becoming economically subservient to the industrialized nations of the West. Because it was arguably the most powerful and influential nation in much of work history, the Qing tried to make efforts towards industrialization in the late part of the 19th century with the ___. They realized industrialization was the only way to maintain power, so they borrowed from the west while attempting to revitalize traditional Chinese culture. Some steps were made, in modernity China, but the full benefits were hindered by Chinese conservative who resisted these developments because they threatened the power of the landowning class. This resulted in a half-hearted program of modernization, proving to be insufficient when they lost the Sino-Japanese War to industrialized Japan.

Tanzimat Reforms

The ___ was a program of defensive industrialization by the Ottomans that was a little more successful than Qing China’s. Like China, the Ottomans were being pushed around by the agendas of industrialized powers because they had not yet modernized, even becoming known as “the sick man of Europe.” In this developments, they built factories, laid railroads, and adopted western-style law cods. Even the absolutist sultan gave in to reformers like the Young Ottomans and accepted a constitution and parliamentary government. However, conservatives resisted reforms and the sultan reassumed absolute power under the threat of war with Russia. The Ottoman movement was more successful than China’s, but not so successful that it would keep that “sick man” from croaking after WWI.

working

The ___ class was made up of mainly factory workers and miners who experienced better standards of living than the rural areas they left behind.

middle

The ___ benefited the most from industrialization. This class was made up of wealthy factory owners and managers along with white collar workers (doctors, lawyers, teachers, etc.). They were able to afford mass produced goods that improved their quality of life, and some of the upper middle class were able to buy their way into the aristocracy.

Industrialists

___ (social class) gained wealth by starting and owning large corporation which helped them to become more powerful than the traditional landed aristocracy.

Middle

Working class women worked wage-earning jobs just as men since their wage alone was not enough to sustain a family. ___ class women experienced the biggest change, since their husbands now earned enough to support the family without paid labor from the wife. As a result, ___ class women were becoming increasingly defined by their domestic roles as homemakers.

urbanization

Rapid ___ created many challenges. Housing shortages resulted in shoddy complexes of tenements to be built and there was minimal infrastructure to deal with sanitation. Public health crises multiplied since the working class was crammed so tightly into these tenements with diseases like typhoid spreading rapidly and lowering the life expectancy in many urban areas from about 40 to 30 years old. Rates of urban crime rose rapidly and necessitated the building of massive jails.