Units 1-7, AP HuG (Full Year)

Geography

the study of where things are on Earth's surface, why they are located there, and why we care (Greek: geo = "Earth", graphy = "to write")

Place

a specific point on Earth with its own particular characteristics

Region (Regionalization)

a larger area of Earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics

Scale

the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole - ranging from local to global

Space

the physical gap or interval between objects and the relationship/connection/spatial association between them

Spatial Perspective

a way of looking at the human and physical patterns on Earth and their relationships to one another - an essential part of geography

Cartography

the science of making maps

Global Position System (GPS)

a system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers

Geographic Information System (GIS)

a computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data (often in layers)

Remote Sensing

the scanning of the earth by satellite or high-flying aircraft in order to obtain information about it (ex: temperature, atmosphere or soil compositions, images, etc.)

Map Scale

the relationship between size and distance on a map and the size and distance of the actual feature on Earth's surface

Map Projection

the scientific method of transferring locations on the Earth's spherical surface to a flat map - will always create distortion in shape, size/area, distance and/or direction

Mercator Projection

a cylindrical projection of the world where the cylinder touches at the equator resulting in increased size and distance distortion at the poles

Peters Projection

a cylindrical, equal-area projection of the world purposely centered on Africa in an attempt to treat all regions of Earth equally (major distortions: shape and distance at poles)

Robinson Projection

a map projection that attempts to balance distortions by distorting everything: size/area, shape, distance, and direction (latitude is straight, longitude is curved)

Longitude

the distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees

Latitude

the distance north or south of the equator; lines run east/west (AKA parallel)

Time Zones

24 regions or divisions of the globe approximately coinciding with meridians at successive hours from the observatory at Greenwich, England

Reference Map

a map type that shows reference information for a particular place, making it useful for finding landmarks and for navigation

Thematic Map

a map that emphasizes a single idea or a particular kind of information about an area

Physical map

A map that shows a physical environment: mountains, hills, plains, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc.

Political map

A map that shows man-made political boundaries such as those surrounding countries, counties, and cities.

Categorical Map

A thematic map that depicts areas that are different in kind & uses several distinct colors to show different categories

Choropleth Map

a thematic map that depicts areas that are different in amount & use shades of similar colors to show different values

Dot Map

a thematic map that uses dots to show the precise locations of specific observations or occurrences, such as crimes, car accidents,or births

Graduated Symbol Map

a thematic map with symbols of different sizes according to the value of the attribute they represent

Isoline Map

a thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value (ex: elevation, temperature, etc.)

Cartogram Map

a thematic map in which the shape or size is distorted in order to demonstrate a variable such as population, voting results, economic production, etc.

Absolute Location

the exact position of a place on the Earth's surface described by global coordinates

Relative location

indicates a place's location within a larger context; where a place is located in relation to another place

Toponym

the name given to a place on Earth

Site

the physical characteristics of a place, such as its topography, vegetation, and water resources

Situation

the location of a place relative to other places (AKA relative location)

Cultural Landscape

the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape

Formal Region (AKA Uniform Region)

-an area where everyone shares at least one characteristic

-there is a measurable, cultural linkage

-can be physical/political boundary but doesn't have to be

Functional Region (AKA Nodal Region)

-an area organized around one focal point

central activity in the focal point

-other points surround and branch off from focal point

-interactions between focal point and surrounding points

connectivity

Vernacular Region (AKA Perceptual Region)

-an area that exists in people's minds

-part of their cultural identity

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

Transnational Corporation

a company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located

Distribution

the arrangement of a feature in space - consists of density, concentration, and pattern

Density

the frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area (ex: people per square mile)

Concentration

the spread of something over a given area (ex: clustered or dispersed)

Assimilation

the social process of adopting most or all of the cultural traits of another cultural group (possible at the group or individual level)

Acculturation

the social process of adopting some of the cultural traits resulting from the meeting of two groups - both groups may change but both retain two distinct cultures

Syncretism

the blending of cultural traits from two or more different groups into a new culture

Diffusion

the process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time

Hearth

a place from which an innovation originates

Relocation Diffusion

the spread of an idea or cultural trait through physical movement of the people with the idea or trait from one place to another

Expansion Diffusion

the spread of an idea or cultural trait from one place to another by other people adopting the idea or trait - there are three kinds

Hierarchical Diffusion

the spread of an idea or innovation by passing first among the most connected places or peoples (i.e. only certain people get it)

Contagious Diffusion

the rapid, widespread diffusion of an idea or innovation throughout the population

Stimulus Diffusion

the spread of an underlying principle of an idea or innovation, even though the specific idea or innovation itself fails to diffuse

Distance Decay

the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction

Time Space Compression

the uses of communication and transportation technology innovations that decrease the impact of distance and increases the connectivity between people and places

Sustainability

the use of Earth's natural resources in ways that ensure their availability in the future (do not deplete nonrenewable resources, do not destroy renewable resources through pollution or overuse)

Conservation

the concept that humans should consume renewable and nonrenewable resources at a less rapid rate (consume less = more for future generations)

Preservation

The maintenance of resources in their present condition, with as little human impact as possible

Cultural Ecology

the geographic study of human-environment relationships

Environmental Determinism

the theory that the physical environment of a place causes the social development and actions of the people living in that place

Possibilism

the theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives

climate

The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time

Culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Distance Decay

the effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions;

the interaction between 2 locations declines as the distance between them increases

Geospatial

relating to or indicating data that is associated with a particular location on Earth's surface

global grid

the system of imaginary lines (called parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude) used to divide the surface of Earth on maps and globes

field experience

research that occurs outside a classroom or institution, "in the field" or place that the research pertains to

mashup (map)

map that overlays different data sets on top of one another

Network

a connection of multiple things across space (EX: roads connecting cities)

sense of place

State of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character.

Spatial Association

the degree to which things are similarly arranged in space. If the distributions are similar, then the spatial association is strong, and vice versa.

spatial interaction

the movement of peoples, ideas, and commodities between different places

Visualization

Use of sophisticated software to create dynamic computer maps, some of which are three dimensional or interactive.

nation-state

a state whose territory is identical to that occupied by a particular ethnic group or nation

city-state

a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland

self-determination

the concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

multiethnic state

a state that contains more than one ethnicity

multinational state

a state with more that one ethnicity with traditions of self-determination and self-government

balkanization

the process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

centrifugal forces

the forces that divide people and countries

centripetal forces

the forces that unite people and countries

devolution

the granting of self-rule to local and regional authorities or the breaking up of a state into one or more states

autonomous regions

an area of a country that rules itself

democratization

the process of creating a government elected by the people

multi-state nation

a nation or cultural group that is divided across two or more state borders

stateless nation

an ethnic group without a formal country

nationalism

loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality

irredentism

any political or popular movement intended to reclaim and reoccupy a lost homeland

annexation

the formal act of acquiring something (especially territory) by conquest or occupation

Berlin Conference

Meeting at which Europeans agreed on rules for colonizing Africa

antecedent boundary

Existed prior to the current cultural landscape/settlement of people (Ex: Saudi Arabia/Yemen - desert in between countries)

consequent boundary

Coincides with cultural divide (Ex: Vatican City,

Israel/Palestine)

geometric boundary

Based on longitude and latitude; usually identified as straight lines on a map

relic boundary

No longer exists but can still has an effect on the area (Ex: The Berlin Wall (East/West Berlin))

subsequent boundary

Boundary that is being created in real time with the cultural landscape, ever changing and evolving (Ex: Vietnam/China)

superimposed boundary

Established by an outside power/country (Ex: Pakistan/India - The British Empire)

boundaries are defined

Putting in writing exactly where the boundary is located (involves treaties/legal documents)

boundaries are delimited

Drawing of the borders, cartophophy (map making)

boundaries are demarcated

Determining what will physically represent this boundary.

boundaries are administered

Deciding how this boundary will be respected and maintained (how will the flow of goods be conducted? Flow of people?)

choke points

strategic channel where narrow waterways or other narrow passages are vulnerable to military blockade disruption