Studied by 1 personDefine Universalizing Religion. The big 3?
A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.
Christianity, Islam, Buddhism
What is a lingua franca?
Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
Why is Hebrew a revived language?
Become 1 of the 2 official languages in Israel, Hebrew used in many Jewish prayers, no other language could symbolically unify the disparate cultural groups in the new country and The Jewish population consisted of refugees and migrants from many countries who spoke many languages.
Why is Latin an extinct language?
still used in specific contexts, but does not have any native speakers.
What is the difference between monotheism and polytheism
monotheism is a religion that believes in one god while polytheism is a religion that has multiple gods
what are Christianity characteristics (Hearth, founder, adherents, foundation, branches, type of religion, architecture, found where)
hearth: Israel
2 billion adherents, known as Christians
Mainly in Western Hemisphere and Europe
Foundation is based on the 10 commandments
major branches: Catholics, Protestants, Eastern Orthodox
largest religion
architecture: church
what are Islam characteristics (Hearth, founder, adherents, foundation, diffusions, branches, type of religion, architecture)
hearth: Saudi Arabia (Mecca)
Founder: Muhammad
1.3 billion adherents, known as Muslims
foundation on the 5 pillars
Major branches: Sunnis, Shiites, Kurds
diffusion: Military conquest and intermarriage
fastest growing religion
architecture: mosques
where are Buddhism characteristics (Hearth, founder, adherents, foundation, found where, branches, type of religion, architecture)
hearth: NE India/Nepal
370 million adherents, known as Buddhists
Mainly in China and SE Asia
Foundation on 4 noble truths
Major branches: Mahyanists, Theravadists, Tattrayanists
Can also participate in another existing religion
architecture: Pagodas
Explain the hierarachal religon of Roman Catholicism.
pope- top \n archbishops-reports to pope \n Bishops-reports to archbishops \n Diocese- basic unit of geographic organization- the bishops headquarters \n Priests- report to bishops \n Parishes- What diocese are divided to and headed by a priest
How does a universalizing religion convert peoples to its ranks?
expansion or relocation diffusion
Why is Jerusalem a place of conflict between religions
overlapping of too many religions between Jews, Muslims, Christians.
Why do dialects differ from region to region around the world?
isolation
What is the official language in the US?
The US has no official language.
How did English become a lingua franca since World War ll?
spread by migration, conquest, and expansion diffusion
what is an ethnic religion. The 2 bigs?
Religion tied to a specific location and/or ethnic group. Does not require new adherents
Hinduism and Judaism.
What are the top 5 most populated religions?
Christianity
Islam
Hinduism
Unaffiliated
Buddhism
define isoglass
lines that divide dialect
what is a pidgin language?
A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar of limited vocabulary of a lingua franca
Define characteristics about Hinduism
hearth: India/Pakistan
800 million adherents
97% in India
polytheism
follow caste system and believe in Karma and reincarnation
define characteristics of Judaism
hearth: Israel
14 million adherents
mainly clustered in Israel and US
Prevent on former USSR (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania)
Similar roots to Christianity and Islam
What country contains the most troublesome religious boundary? why?
Ireland. Most of Ireland is Catholic and northern Ireland in spilt between protestant and catholic
How are ethnicities distributed in the US
African American (13%)- Southwest
Hispanic American (13%)- Southwest
Asian American (4%)- West
Native American (1%)- Southwest and plains states
what 2 scales of clustering of ethnicities occur on?
Ethnic groups may live in a particular regions of the country
May want to live in particular neighborhoods within cities
define sharecropper
a person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of crops
define ghettos. how did they form?
Poor urban area occupied primarily by minorities. When African American immigrants reached big cities clustering in 1 or 2 neighborhoods due to new jobs after World war 2.
define race vs. ethnicity
Race is biological and ethnicity is the cultural aspect/category
what is the separate but equal doctrine
Allowed segregation of Black, Jews, and Roman Catholics
define white flight
When whites left their homes to where they knew would be a dominate white area because they were scared of blacks
Define south Africa Apartheid. Define the percentage of each race in the country.
They physical separation of different races in different areas. The white dominated government of South Africa repealed the apartheid laws in 1991. In 1994, Nelson Mandela became president of South Africa
Black-76% White-13% Asian-3% Mixed-13%
Define Nationality/Nationalism
Nationality: the identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there
nationalism: the loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality
define nation-state
A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality.
Have by far one dominate ethnicity/nationality- 1 country and 1 ethnicity
define self determinism (separatism). Examples?
The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
Qubec (province in Canada)- early 1980s strong French
Australia
Israel/Palestine
Native Americans
Define Multi-Ethnic states. Examples?
state that contains more than one ethnicity
Don’t necessarily try to appeal to every ethnicity- sometimes happy, sometimes not
Belgium
(Dutch=Flemish= North+French=Wallons=South)
Define Mulit-national states
states that contains 2 or more ethnic groups with traditions of self determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.
Try to appeal to every nationality/ethnicity (by giving the jobs)- get along just fine
UK (England+Scotland+Whales+N. Ireland)
define block busting
real estate agents telling people that blacks or Indians were going to move next door to them so they could buy the peoples house for very cheap and sell it for double
define balkanization
states/countries breaking down through ethnic conflict- constant conflict
define balkanized. Examples?
A geographic area that can’t be stable/happy because there are too many ethnicities and too much ugly history between.
Servia, Bozina, Balkan Peninsula
define a colony
A territory that is legally tied to sovereign state rather than being completely independent
Where did the modern movement to divide the world into stages originate.
Europe.
The European portion of the roman empire was fragmented into a large number of estates owned by competing kings dukes, barons, and other nobles
Where was the first devolpment of states located? the first states to evoleve?
Middle East, the fertile crsecent
City-states, Mesopotamia
Define city states
sovereign states that compromise a town and the surrounding countryside
How many colonies are there today? Where?
Only a few, most on islands in the Pacific or Caribbean
What religions were most affected by communism in Eastern Europe?
Eastern Orthodox (Christianity), Islam, and Buddhism
what are different state shapes? Define each.
Compact: distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly
Fragmented: includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
Elongated: long, narrow shape
prorupted: compact state, with large projecting extension
perforated: completely surrounds another
Define Federal state
International organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local governments (have a say so). Centripetal forces.
Ex: US
Define Unitary state
An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials (most necessarily bad, but no say so-only government)
Centrifugal forces.
Ex: UK
What are the United Nations?
A cooperation under the political category.
Deals with military, economic, agricultural, etc.
5 members of the security council: Soviet Union, France, China, Great Britan United States
Made after world war ll
General assembly made from 117 member
What is the European Union?
A cooperation under the economic category.
Promotes development through economic cooperation (free trade, Euro, subsidizing)
Alliance of 27 european nations
Define Sovereignty
the ability of a state to govern it territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states
Define Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally a year)
Define Gross National Product (GNP)
the total value of goods produced and services provided by a country during one year, equal to the gross domestic product plus the net income from foreign investments.
(goods and services earned aboard)
Define Human Development Index (HDI)
Indicator of the level of development for each country, constructed by the UN, combing income, literacy, education, and life expectancy
what are the different job sectors? Define and provide an example of each.
Primary economic activities: extraction of raw materials and natural resources from the Earth's surface
Examples: mining, fishing, agriculture, Forestry
__Secondary economic activitie__s: processing and Manufacturing raw materials into a finished product
examples: factories and Manufacturing
Tertiary economic activities: service sector that focuses on moving, selling, and trading products and primary and secondary sectors.
Examples: retail, marketing, design, restaurants
Divides into either Quaternary or Quinary
Quaternary economic activities: Knowledge-based sector, focusing on research and information creation and transfer
Examples: Investment bankimg, real estate, college professors, education, software developers
Quinary Economic activities: highest levels of decision making, includes top officials and government and business. the decision impacts millions
examples: Congress and CEOs
what is Rostow’s stages of development model?
Traditionally society: the country has not yet started process of development
Preconditions for takeoff: country initiates innovative economic activities
Takeoff: Rapid growth in economic activities
Drive to maturity: modern technology diffuses
age of mass consumption: economy shifts to consumer goods
*model assumes that LDCS achieve development moving to higher stages
Who are the 4 dragons? How did they promote development?
South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong to 1st adapt to international trade alternatives
Promoted development by concentrating on producing manufactured goods, especially clothing and electronics
Compare self sufficiency to international trade
self sufficiency: was the popular alternative for LDCs in most of 20th century, incomes in the countryside keep up with those in the city, reducing poverty is more important than creating wealthy consumers, fragile business can be independent and protected from business and governments in MDCs, set barriers limiting goods imported
International trade: a country develop economically concentrating scarce resources on expansion of its distinctive local industries
define transnational corporation
a company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located
compare centripetal and centrifugal forces
a centripetal force is an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state
a centrifugal fore is an attitude that tends to break or make people fight and fall apart
where and when was agriculture invented?
Before 12,000 BC and in the Fertile Crescent
what are the agriculture hearts? what originated/occured there?
Fertile crescent: where agriculture 1st originated
Ethiopia: cultivated crops that became farming
Nile River: flooding of river gave nutrient rich silt over land
China: many agricultural communities near the great yellow river, rice
SE Asia: domestication of chicken and pig +rice farmed. Intensive farming is needed for survival
Mesoamerica: Wild plants, maize
what are characteristics of subsistence agriculture
self sufficient, small in trade, low tech.
food production in for family/local consumption (not for sale/trade)
confined to small fields (likely do not own soil they till)
small fields- sharecropper, low end money
cultivators are poor but free
can promote cohesiveness within society, share land, food surpluses
ex of crops: corn,potatoes,cumbers
what are characteristics of plantation farming
regional, bigger scale, not yet commerical
for profit
ex of crops: rubber, pine, palm oil, cotton tobacco
what are characteristics of shifting cultivation
form of subsistence
people shift from one field to another
each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left to fallow for a long period of time
cultivations: tropical forests are removed by cutting and burning→ ash helps soil ferity
define intensive subsistence agriculture
form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount to effort to produce to maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land
define pastoral nomadism
form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals. live in dry climates
define ranching
a form of commercial agriculture, in which livestock graze over an extensive areas. Semi arid or arid land. MDCs
define transhumance
seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures
define commercial farming
aka agribusiness and made for mass profit
system of economic and political relationships that organize food production from the development of the genetic makeup of the seeds to the retailing and consumption of the agricultural product
also development, harvesting, canning, and selling of crops
ex of company that uses primary,secondary,tertiary job sectors
diary products from commercial
Use of GMOS
define crop rotation
practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, avoid exhausting soil
define slash and burn agriculture
aka shifting cultivation, fields are cleared by slashing vegetation and burning debris
define desertification
degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily due to human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting
define characteristics the 1st agricultural revolution
Neolthitic era (12,000 yrs ago(
Fertile Crescent, China, North Africa, SE asia, Latin America
accompanied by modest population expulsion
domestication of animals
define characteristics the 2nd agricultural revolution
1871-1914
resulted from industrial revolution (produced new tech)
ex: tractor, cotton grin
define characteristics the 3rd agricultural revolution
Green revolution
benefiting LDCs by introduction and production of fertilizers and pesticides into LDCs
based on higher yields strains using genetic engineering
define some of the cons of the green revolution
failed in Africa (harsh and diverse environmental conditions, lack of infrastructure and gov. investment)
environmental consequences (nature does not like monoculture, soil erosion + sanitation, chemical fertilizers harm water and hurt ecosystems)
women excluded from learning or having decision making power to their lack of economic and social equality
define some positives of the green revolution
higher yields
job opportunities are created in Agricultural and Industrial sector (not for women)
decreased amount of human labor (Leads to specialization)
what are characteristics of the post green revolution?
GMOs (only made in post green) need to be purchases every year
biotechnology
define double cropping
harvesting twice a year from the same field
where are the worlds largest industrial production regions?
Eastern North America, NW Europe, E Europe, E Asia
define a bulk reducing industry
industry which the final product weights less or compromise a lower volume than the inputs.
Ex: copper concentration (pennies)
define a bulk gaining industry
an industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.
Ex: soft drink bottling
define a break of bulk point
a location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another
define filtering/urban decay/inner city decay
the slow digression of a city, usually occupied by low income people. The peripheral model helped to promote this because of the middle class people moving to the outskirts
define redlining
banks purposely not giving loans to a certain low income area of a city
define urban renewal
done by government, attract business, clean up city and help reputations
define public housing
housing owned by government in the US, rented to low income residents, and the rents are set are 30% of families incomes
define gentrification
Process of privately having high income people going to low income places and kicking the people out
usually where houses are worn down
high income build houses on edgy areas because they want to cut down on their commute
define annexation
legally adding land. can be National or state scale
define infrastructure
what makes a city work or operate '
ex: electricity, sewers, road ways
define suburbanization
growth of suburbs due to transportation problems
define hinterland
area around the city that the city serves, the farthest distance a city is willing to serve
define sprawl
the spreading/adding to the metropolitan area (city and surrounding areas)
define greenbelts
designed areas not allowed to be touched by development (parks, nature trails)
Sections of land that are designated natural areas, cannot be built upon on
define smart growth
instead of building outwards, builds upwards to save land. Increases population density, and save natural areas
define the central business district (CBD)
Where all big business takes place in a city.
AKA node/nuclei
define an edge city
little mini cities on the outskirts that are like the big cites
Many in Atlanta
typically a place without high residence area
to become one, the city has to be newly devolved and business orinated (more jobs then homes)
define ghettoization
started in Europe
Legal restriction of people in certain areas
where populations of mixed income are confined to a certain area even though they might have the means and desire to move
how do industrialization and urbanization relate to one another?
Promotes each other.
The growing of industry and growing of population and population density of a city
define megalopolis
Large metropolitan areas so close together that they now from one continuous urban complex, extending from north of Boston to South of Washington
Greek for great city
define primate cities
a city that is the largest in its country, province, state, or region
center of culture/attractions citizens
have small or large scales
America lacks a primate city
Note 
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