World Civ test 2

Chapters 5-8

What axial age thinker focused primarily on attaining personal contentment and spiritual growth, rather than achieving social and political order?

The Buddhas challenged to Brahmanic thinking appealed particularly in the new Urban contexts of south Asia and those who felt disadvantaged by prevailing vedic hierarchies in the first millennium BCE.

What is Buddha eight fold path?

Rid oneself of desire and reach nirvana.

(Buddha) How is nirvana reached?

Nirvana is reached by middle path between self- indulgence and self denial.

What is Confucius teaching?

Harmonious existence is based on ethical behavior based on family and filil duty. Ritual, responsibility, loyalty to the family, and perfection of moral character.

What are the differences and similarities between Confucianism and Daoism?

Confucianism- gentleman should enter government.
Daoism- scholars should refuges from political life.

What are the Janist beliefs? What jain doctrine of ahimsa appealed to which groups?

Every living creature has a soul and must not be harmed Ahisma “no hurt” not popular among S.A peasants.

Which of the following Axial Age belief systems most directly addressed questions about active governance and methods of leadership?

Confucianism described ideal leaders and governance, as well as the ideal man and the features of an orderly society

True or false: Increased literacy rates and improved writing systems facilitated the axial age because figures like Confucius, Laozi, the Buddha, and Socrates used writing as the primary method of communicating their ideas.

False, it was spread oraly

What kinda of developments are core to the concept of this period as an axial age?

New philosophical and religious beliefs

Describe the axial age of the mid-first- millennium BCE?

The period of significant innovation In cultural and religious beliefs systems in parts of Asia and Europe. A period where both violent political upheaval and significant intellectual development

What are the goals of Axial age? What spawned Axial Age in China, south Asia, and eastern Mediterranean?

To teach rulers how to govern justly and live ethically incessant warfare.

What led to the formation of specialized groups called Jati? (South Asia, 4 traditional Varna systems)

New hierarchy alongside Varnas, the development of a complex, stratified society where different occupations and social roles necessitated specialized skills and expertise.

Second generation societies are?

Eastern Zhou

What is the difference of forced labor in Greeks vs Zhou China

Greeks created chattel slavery. Zhou used peasant labor as a form of tribute.

Similarity betweenm Socrates, Confucius, and Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama)

All of them stress honor and integrity over wealth and power.

Aristotle vs Socrates vs Plato

Aristotle believed that to understand the world one must collect as much evidence as possible and the deduce patterns from data.

Mahavira vs Buddha (Brahman spiritual authority)

Both of them were from Kshatriya. Both of them object to Brahman’s control of rituals and animal sacrifices.

Whats the purpose of Plato's the Republic.

It was a model. It allowed Greek city states to be less susceptible to decline of his time.

What were the Laozi Ideas on government?

Rulers should do nothing to interfere with the natural process of change.

The Roman Empire enduring effects

• Victory over Carthage 146 BCE: Policy demanded defeated Latin tribes provide annual supply of men to the Army to create huge military man power. Resulting in Roman hegemony over the Mediterranean basin?

Ways that the Han and Roman Empires were governed

Both are traditional: both idealize ancestors

Faith from periphery eclipsed secular and classical traditions on which both empire were founded.

What did the Romans use?

Used chattel slavery for commercial plantations

How was Roman Family life characterized as?

Gave husbands and fathers complete authority over families

What was the prime motivation for ambitious military leaders during the first few centuries BCE?

Personal glory and wealth

True or False: Military elites in the Han and Roman empires owed allegiance to the state, not the ruler.

True

The Olympic games were like what?

They did not demonstrate peaceful spirit of cooperation

During Alexander the Great, what happened?

The military smashed barriers that separated people on the Eastern and Western end of South West Asia. There was an economic effect in Persia, redistribution of Persian wealth to the Mediterranean city states that led to economic expansion and affected the spread of hellenism and Buddhism.

Comparison of the spread of Hellenism and spread of Buddism.

Both spread influential philosophical and spiritual ideas.

The Jewish response to Seleucid's Hellenistic Culture

They lead a revolt against Seleucid's and their Hellenistic culture in Judea.

Difference between Athens and Hellenistic cities like Alexandria.

Athens citizens and loyal to city of birth.

Alexandrian citizens of “whole world” of Hellenistic states.

Chinese silk was used as a currency in what?

In China’s diplomatic and military activities.

True or False: As trade developed in the first century, China did not control the silk trade from end to end of the Silk Roads.

False

True or False: Cultures of Egypt and Mesopotamia faded as sources of innovation and knowledge.

True

What happend in Early Christianity expansion, what was the conflict?

The trial of Jesus by Roman Palestine authorities foundation.

True of false: Expanded Christianity were not systematically persecuted in first century.

True

Who expanded Jesus teachings for wider population of empire?

Paul

How did the alphabet contribute to changes in Vedic society?

With the Introduction of the alphabetic script, Brahmans controlled religious ideas because they memorized Vedic religious literature.

What did the prosperity of the large-scale commercial plantations established by the Romans depend on?

Legal protections for ownership land/ prop enduring effect

What technique did the Romans use to create their military might?

People from beyond the frontier serve in ethnic units in Roman military

When does Christian persecution reach its height in Rome?

The beginning of 300 BCE