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central dogma
flow of information
DNA —> transciption —> mRNA —> translation —> protein
amino acids
an organic molecule consisting of a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and an R group
DNA
genetic material consisting of a double helix of nucleotides, each containing the sugar deoxyribose
mRNA
messenger RNA
a molecule of RNA that encodes a protein
encodes amino acid sequence
protein
a polymer consisting of amino acids and folded into its functional three-dimensional shape
replication
transcription
production of RNA using DNA as a template
translation
assembly of an amino acid chain according to the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA
tRNA
transfer RNA
a molecule of RNA that binds an amino acid at one site and an mRNA codon at its anticodon site
physically links the “message“ in mRNA to an amino acid
rRNA
ribosomal RNA
a molecule of RNA that, along with proteins, forms a ribosome
cell cycle
sequence of events that occur in an actively dividing cell
cancer
class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled division of cells that invade or spread to other tissues
checkpoints
ensure that a cell does not enter one stage of the cell cycle until the previous stage is complete
screen for damaged DNA. If the genetic material is damaged beyond repair, a signaling protein may trigger apoptosis
chromosomes
continuous molecule of DNA wrapped around protein in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell; also, the genetic material of a prokaryotic cell
codominant
mode of inheritance in which two alleles are fully expressed in a heterozygote
dominant
allele that is expressed whenever it is present
genotype
an individual’s combination of alleles for a particular gene
heterozygous
possessing two different alleles for a particular gene
homozygous
possessing two identical alleles for a particular gene
incomplete dominance
mode of inheritance in which a heterozygote’s phenotype is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes
phenotype
observable characteristic of an organism
recessive
evolution
descent with modification; change in allele frequencies in a population over time
changes over time
evolution
genetic variation
natural selection
differential reproduction of organisms based on inherited traits
random
mutations
not random
natural selection
DNA technology
practical application of knowledge about DNA
DNA probe
labeled, single-stranded fragment of DNA used to reveal the presence of a complementary DNA sequence
DNA profiling
use of variable parts of the genome to detect genetic differences between individuals
DNA sequencing
determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule
embryos
early stage of development, beginning when the zygote begins to divide
gene therapy
treatment that supplements a faulty gene in a cell with a functioning version of the gene
GMOs
genetically modified organism
organism whose genetic material has been altered with DNA technology
PCR
polymerase chain reaction
biotechnology tool that rapidly produces millions of copies of a DNA sequence of interest
PGD
preimplantation genetic diagnosis
use of DNA probes to detect genetic illness in an embryo before implanting it into a uterus
pluripotent
STRs
short tandem repeats
short DNA sequence that is repeated; people vary in the number of repeats they inherit
ecosystems
a community and its nonliving environment
abiotic
nonliving
biodiversity
the variety of life on Earth
biotic
living
climate change
long-term changes in Earth’s weather patterns
communities
groups of interacting populations that inhabit the same region
habitat loss
detrimental to biodiversity
pollution
physical, chemical, or biological change in the environment that harms organisms
populations
interbreeding members of the same species occupying the same region
