Psychology Chapter 5

A pop quiz is an example of:

a. Fixed interval schedule

b. Variable interval schedule

c. Fixed ratio schedule

d. Variable ratio schedule

b. Variable interval schedule

Prior to conditioning, Michael salivates in response to lasagna placed in his mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, the food would be labeled the________while Michael salivating would be labeled the

unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

How do we learn?

A. Learning that two stimuli go together

B. Learning that a behavior leads to a particular outcome

C. Learning by watching others

D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Ivan Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n):

A. primary reinforcer.

B. unconditional stimulus.

C. immediate reinforcer.

D. conditioned stimulus.

D. conditioned stimulus.

In Pavlov's research, dogs learned that the sound of a bell predicted the arrival of food, so the dogs salivated at the sound of the bell. In this research, classical conditioning occurred in part because the ________ elicited a(n) ________.

a. unconditioned stimulus (food); unconditioned response (salivation)

b. conditioned stimulus (food); conditioned response (salivation)

c. unconditioned stimulus (bell); conditioned response (salivation)

d. conditioned stimulus (bell); unconditioned response (salivation)

a. unconditioned stimulus (food); unconditioned response (salivation)

A perfume advertisement uses classical conditioning to increase product appeal. To do this, it pairs the attractive face of the actor Brad Pitt with its perfume Chanel No 5. If Brad Pitt elicits an innate response from you, he is being used as a(n)

a. unconditioned response.

b. conditioned response.

c. conditioned stimulus.

d. unconditioned stimulus.

b. conditioned response.

If you are trying to use classical conditioning to train your pet mouse to be afraid of a flashing light, you will most likely be successful if you

a. pair the light with giving the mouse a treat.

b. pair the light with an electric shock.

c. take away the mouse's food after the light comes on.

d. take away the mouse's food before the light comes on.

b. pair the light with an electric shock.

One reason Carlos continues to work at his job is the check he receives every two weeks. Carlos' paycheck is a(n) _________

A. positive

B. primary

C. secondary

D. Both A and C

D. Both A and C

Frequent flyer mileage is an example of:

a. Fixed interval schedule

b. Variable interval schedule

c. Fixed ratio schedule

d. Variable ratio schedule

c. Fixed ratio schedule

Slot machines are examples of:

a. Fixed interval schedule

b. Variable interval schedule

c. Fixed ratio schedule

d. Variable ratio schedule

d. Variable ratio schedule

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, salivation of the dog in response to the meat powder is an unlearned or unconditioned response.

true

___________is the acquisition of knowledge and skills by watching others rather than by means of direct experience.

observational learning

In the context of reinforcement schedules, if you were only paid for every individual webpage that you create you are being paid on a________

fixed-ratio schedule

Justin is teaching young children to play soccer. Each time they make a good move, he praises them.. In this scenario, Justin is training the children by__________

shaping

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

money

Johnny has always feared going to the dentist as he associated these visits with pain. After repeated visits to the dentist, Johnny also developed the fear of bright lights as he had started associating it with the dentist's cabin. In the given scenario, the development of Johnny's fear of bright lights is due to__________

higher-order conditioning

Biofeedback training, behavior modification, and programmed learning are all applications of_________

operant conditioning

Which of the following statements about punishment is TRUE?

Punishment is not another term for negative reinforcement.

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcers?

They increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are removed.

In Pavlov's experiment, he conditioned his dog to salivate when it was shown a circle. Later, the dog salivated when it was shown other closed geometric figures including squares. Through his experiment, Pavlov demonstrated______

generalization

fixed-interval schedule

A fixed amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available.

fixed-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

variable-rato schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

After getting ill from eating her friend's Thanksgiving turkey, Natalia couldn't stand the the sight or smell of turkey. And, when her friend baked a whole chicken, Natalia felt nauseated because of the smell. This illustrates:

A. generalization.

B. discrimination.

C. extinction.

D. acquisition.

A. generalization.

Which of the following reinforcers is INCORRECTLY categorized?

A. food—primary reinforce

B. money—primary reinforce

C. praise—secondary reinforce

D. None of these are incorrectly categorize

B. money—primary reinforce

1. Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding

A. increases; decreases

B. decreases; increases

C. decreases; decreases

D. has no effect on; has no effect on

B. decreases; increases

Which of the following scenarios exemplify negative punishment?

A. Astrid sends her daughter to her room alone when she misbehaves.

B. Carly yells at her husband when he comes home "buzzed."

C. Jim makes his middle-schoolers run extra laps when they are unruly in gym class.

D. Both B and C exemplify negative punishment

A. Astrid sends her daughter to her room alone when she misbehaves.

In Continuous reinforcement:

a. Behavior reinforced each time it occurs

b. Behavior is occasionally reinforced

c. Fast learning happens

d. Both a and C

a. Behavior reinforced each time it occurs

A pay check is an example of:

a. Fixed interval schedule

b. Variable interval schedule

c. Fixed ratio schedule

d. Variable ratio schedule

a. Fixed interval schedule

Telling your young child on Monday that their good behavior will be rewarded on Saturday is more effective than giving them an immediate reinforcer.

False

Positive reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed, and negative reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are applied

False

Behavioral psychologists believe learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience.

true

Behavior that is rewarded by partial reinforcement is_________

resistant to extinction.

more

Walda's father is a gardener. She has been watching her father work for many years. She now has her own garden. Though she has never been taught the art of gardening, she is very good at it. In this scenario, Walda acquired gardening skills by the process of__________

observational learning

These neurons fire when an animal observes the behavior of another animal and that behavior stimulates imitative behavior in the first animal.

mirror neurons

Positive reinforcement__________the probability of a behavior occurring, and negative reinforcement_________the probability of a behavior occurring.

increases; increases

In a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a_______

random amount of time has passed

Bethany taught her dog to jump every time she raises her right hand. Later, the dog started jumping even if she raised her left hand. In this scenario, the dog's action of jumping as a response to a similar stimulus is due to a tendency called_______

generalization

Bethany taught her dog to jump every time she raises her right hand. Later, the dog started jumping even if she raised her left hand. In this scenario, the dog's action of jumping as a response to a similar stimulus is due to a tendency called________

generalization

variable-interval schedule

A variable amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available.