Core is cross-platform and can produce apps for various devices whilst Framework can only create and run applications on Windows OS.
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Different components of .NET Framework
CLR & FCL
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When to use .NET Core
Cross-platform requirements, Microservices, High performance, CLI control
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When to use Framework
When technologies, libraries, packages are unavailable in .NET Core
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CLR
Common Language Runtime (CLR) takes managed code as an input and translates it to the native language and compiles and executes the code.
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FCL
Framework Class Library (FCL) a large library of reusable tested code which can be called upon. This may exist of classes, libraries, interfaces and value types.
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Managed Code
Code which is executed by a CLR
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JIT
Just-In-Time (JIT) exists within the CLR and is responsible for translating and executing the code no matter the .NET language.