Bio test 3

Diffusion

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration without energy.

Dynamic Equilibrium

A state where concentrations become uniform after diffusion occurs over time.

Facilitated Diffusion

The process of using transport proteins to move ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane without energy.

Trend of Osmosis

Movement from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes than the cytoplasm of the cell.

Effect of Hypotonic Solution on Cells

Animal cells can burst when placed in extremely hypotonic solutions.

Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes than the cytoplasm of the cell.

Effect of Hypertonic Solution

Causes wilting in plants.

Isotonic Solution

A solution with the same concentration of water and solutes as the cytoplasm of the cell.

Effect of Isotonic Solution

No net movement of water occurs.

Passive Transport

The movement of substances across a cell membrane that does not require energy.

Active Transport

The movement of particles across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient, requiring energy.

Na+/K+ ATPase Pump

Maintains levels of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) inside and outside the cell.

Coupled Transport

A process where sugar pairs with Na+ ions to enter the cell through facilitated diffusion, saving energy.

Endocytosis

The process by which a cell surrounds an object in the outside environment using a portion of the plasma membrane.

Exocytosis

The excretion of materials at the plasma membrane.

Catabolic Reaction

A reaction that releases energy by breaking down larger molecules.

Anabolic Reaction

A reaction that uses energy to build larger molecules.

Photosynthesis

An anabolic pathway that produces glucose.

Cellular Respiration

A catabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to produce ATP.

Relationship between Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis produces glucose, which is used in cellular respiration to make ATP.

ATP Molecule

Provides chemical energy for cellular processes.

Arrangement of ATP Molecule

A nucleotide made of an adenine base, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups.

Releasing Energy from ATP

Energy is released when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken.

Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2.

Chloroplast

Organelles that capture light energy for photosynthesis.

Thylakoid

Flattened sac-like membranes within chloroplasts.

Grana

Stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts.

Stroma

The fluid-filled space outside the grana in chloroplasts.

Common Plant Pigment

Chlorophyll, which absorbs red and blue light and reflects green.

Leaf Color Change in Autumn

Chlorophyll dies, allowing other pigments to become more abundant and reflect different colors.

Light Energy in Photosynthesis

Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, exciting electrons to higher energy levels.

Products of the First Phase of Photosynthesis

ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.

Making NADPH

Ferredoxin transfers electrons to the carrier molecule NADP.

Making ATP in Phase One

Hydrogen ions diffuse through ATP synthase, allowing it to join ADP.