Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Diffusion
The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration without energy.
Dynamic Equilibrium
A state where concentrations become uniform after diffusion occurs over time.
Facilitated Diffusion
The process of using transport proteins to move ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane.
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane without energy.
Trend of Osmosis
Movement from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
Hypotonic Solution
A solution with a lower concentration of solutes than the cytoplasm of the cell.
Effect of Hypotonic Solution on Cells
Animal cells can burst when placed in extremely hypotonic solutions.
Hypertonic Solution
A solution with a higher concentration of solutes than the cytoplasm of the cell.
Effect of Hypertonic Solution
Causes wilting in plants.
Isotonic Solution
A solution with the same concentration of water and solutes as the cytoplasm of the cell.
Effect of Isotonic Solution
No net movement of water occurs.
Passive Transport
The movement of substances across a cell membrane that does not require energy.
Active Transport
The movement of particles across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient, requiring energy.
Na+/K+ ATPase Pump
Maintains levels of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) inside and outside the cell.
Coupled Transport
A process where sugar pairs with Na+ ions to enter the cell through facilitated diffusion, saving energy.
Endocytosis
The process by which a cell surrounds an object in the outside environment using a portion of the plasma membrane.
Exocytosis
The excretion of materials at the plasma membrane.
Catabolic Reaction
A reaction that releases energy by breaking down larger molecules.
Anabolic Reaction
A reaction that uses energy to build larger molecules.
Photosynthesis
An anabolic pathway that produces glucose.
Cellular Respiration
A catabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to produce ATP.
Relationship between Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis produces glucose, which is used in cellular respiration to make ATP.
ATP Molecule
Provides chemical energy for cellular processes.
Arrangement of ATP Molecule
A nucleotide made of an adenine base, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups.
Releasing Energy from ATP
Energy is released when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken.
Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2.
Chloroplast
Organelles that capture light energy for photosynthesis.
Thylakoid
Flattened sac-like membranes within chloroplasts.
Grana
Stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts.
Stroma
The fluid-filled space outside the grana in chloroplasts.
Common Plant Pigment
Chlorophyll, which absorbs red and blue light and reflects green.
Leaf Color Change in Autumn
Chlorophyll dies, allowing other pigments to become more abundant and reflect different colors.
Light Energy in Photosynthesis
Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, exciting electrons to higher energy levels.
Products of the First Phase of Photosynthesis
ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
Making NADPH
Ferredoxin transfers electrons to the carrier molecule NADP.
Making ATP in Phase One
Hydrogen ions diffuse through ATP synthase, allowing it to join ADP.