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describe alkenes
The first four ethene, propene butene and pentene
C2H4, C3H6,C4H8,C510
Formed during cracking
Used for chemical feedstock and formation of polymers
React with oxygen in combustion reactions producing carbon dioxide and water but burn in a smokey yellow flame due to incomplete comustion (both types of alkene combustion release less energy per mole than alkanes)
describe the addition with halogens, water,steam
halogen - Two atoms from the halogen molecules are added across the carbon carbon double bond to form a single bond breaking the double bond
Steam - The alkene react with steam at high temp adnd pressure in the presence of a catalyst to form a alcohols
Hydrogen - two atoms from the hydrogen molecule are added across the carbon carbon double bond.
Why are alkenes unsaturated ?
They have double bonds meaning they have space to add other molecules by breaking the double bonds
What is the functional group of alcohols?
-OH
What is the first four alcohols?
Methanol
ethanol
propanol
Butanol
What is the formation of alcohols?
They are formed from the fermentation of sugars. Its a warm sealed mixture of yeast and a sugar solution
What are uses for alcohols?
alcoholic drinks
Perfumes
All four are used mixed with water so are used in a solvent for substances that dont dissolve in water
How are short alcohols effective ?
They are effective fuels and comust easily burning with a blue flame proudcuing C02 and water
2CH3OH + 3O2 → 2C02 + 4H20
Describe the reaction with alcohols and sodium
They react with sodium to release hydrogen producing a product called Alkoxide. Which if added to water releases a very strong alkaline solution.
Describe oxidation in alcohols
They react with oxidising agents to produce carboxylic acid
Describe how ethanol is produced from sugar solution (3)
Its produced from fermentation. You start by adding yeast in anaerobic conditions.
Describe carboxylic acids
Functional group is cooh
First four are methanoic acid, ethanoic acid,Propanoic acid and butanoic acid
They are formed from the oxidation of alcohols
Ethanoic acid is used in vinegar
How do carboxylic acids react with alcohols and sodium carbonate
During the reaction with sodium carbonate they react with bases to form salts
They react with alcohols to make water an esters.This requires sulfuric acid as a catalyst
What happens when carboxylic acids are placed in water?
During the reaction with sodium carbonate they react with bases to form salts
They react with alcohols to make water an esters.This requires sulfuric acid as a catalyst