HW #9 Learning & Memory and Language & Lateralization

TRUE or FALSE

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE in regards to the criteria for Learning.

True

Classical Conditioning involves developing associations between stimuli.

False

Operant Conditioning involves developing associations between responses.

True

Hebbian Synapses are those in which a circuit has developed, though experience, such that it is easier to activate.

True

Conditioning depends on Temporal Contiguity, which means that the items being associated must co-occur.

False

The "Law of Effect" states that a behavior repeatedly associated with negative reinforcement is likely to be repeated.

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

Indicate whether each of the following is or is not indicative of Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

is not

The majority of glutamate receptors in a given area have Mg+ blocking their receptor sites.

is

Neurons involved have dense dendritic branches.

is not

A decrease in the levels of retrograde messengers.

is

Perforation of the terminal buttons of pre-synaptic cells.

is

Significant rates of metabolic activity convert NMDA sites to AMPA sites.

is

Neurogenesis.

Spatial Memory

Answer the following in regards to Spatial Memory.

Hippocampus

The brain area most implicated in spatial memory is ___

Hippocampus

The ___ is larger in seed-caching birds than in those who do not store food for winter.

Place Cells

One class of neurons that show neurogenesis during the learning of a new spatial layout are called ___ .

Hippocampus

Damage to the ___ impairs the ability to navigate, to recognize familiar locations, and to read a map.

Parietal Cortex

The ___ is also implicated in mapping both your praxic and large-scaled environments.

"Cognitive Map"

The representation of a learned territory is sometimes called a ___ .

TRUE or FALSE

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE in regards to Procedural Memory.

False

A rat in an "F maze" learns to go to the same arm of that maze for which it was rewarded on the previous trial.

False

If the Lateral Interpositus in the Cerebellum is cooled down, rabbits still can learn a Tone+Eye Blink association.

False

An MNDA-Agonist acting in the Striatum will interfere with a rat's recall of cued procedures.

True

The Amygdala plays an active role in procedural memory.

True

If the Red Nucleus is cooled down, a rabbit will not show the blink response during training in which a tone co-occurs with a puff of air to the eye.

False

The Basal Ganglia is not typically implicated in procedural memory.

True

The cerebellum plays a greater role in procedural memory than the hippocampus does.

TRUE or FALSE

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE in regards to Declarative Memory.

True

Declarative Memory is for cued facts or personal episodes.

False

The Hippocampus and Cerebellum are both implicated in Declarative Memory.

False

H.M., the epilepsy patient who underwent radical brain surgery, thereafter suffered from retrograde amnesia.

True

Damage to the Hippocampus can lead to impairment of performance in a rat that previously learned to "match-to-sample".

True

A vitamin B1 deficiency, associated with prolonged alcohol abuse, can lead to anterograde amnesia.

True

Epilepsy involves endogenous waves of widespread brain activity that can produce "Grand-mal" seizures.

True

"Korsakoff's Syndrome" is characterized by an inability to form new memories.

False

H.M. was unable to form new procedural memories, such as the pattern of response to a "Tower of Hanoi" puzzle.

memory storage

Select the appropriate brain area associated with memory storage in the brain.

Hippocampus

Particular locations in a cognitive map.

Posterior Parietal Cortex

Patterns of activity in praxic space

Dorsal Temporal Cortex

The recognition of words and voices.

Fusiforme Gyrus

The recognition of faces.

Cerebellum

The "motor programs" related to the timing of muscle moves.

independent, the left side

In the Cortico-Spinal motor pathway, activation the right brain generates activity in ___ parts of the body on ___ .

bilateral

In the Ventro-Medial motor pathway, most connections tend to be ___ .

the left side, the left side, the left side, ipsilateral

In the visual system, light from the right visual field impacts on ___ of the right eye and from there connects to the ___ of the brain, while that same light impacts the ___ of the left eye and from there connects to the ___ side of the brain.

medulla, left, spinal cord, left

In the somatosensory system, touch and proprioception originating from the right side of the body cross over in the ___ to the ___ side of the brain, while temperature and pain cross over in the ___ to the ___ side of the brain.

both sides, superior olive, bilateral

In the auditory system, information from the right cochlear nucleus goes to ___ of the ___ and from there, auditory information is ___ up the rest of the pathway.

Lateralization

Answer the following in regards to Lateralization.

Right

Anesthesia into the right carotid artery suppresses activity in which hemisphere?

Left

Stutterers are disproportionately likely to show dominance in which hand?

Left

The Planum Temporale is significantly larger in which hemisphere?

Right

Tapping with which hand is more likely to interfere with speech?

Left

Which hemisphere is dominant for speech?

males or females

Indicate, in regards to Lateralization, whether the following is more likely in males or females.

males

Left handers

females

Larger corpus callosum

females

More likely to recover ability after damage to the dominant hemisphere for that function.

males

More likely to suffer from hemispheric competition for control of speech

Split-Brain Patient

In the following, indicate which side is involved in the functioning of a Split-Brain Patient.

Right

Image flashed in right visual field can be recognized by touch in which hand?

Both

This surgery is most likely done in patients with seizures affecting which hemisphere?

Right

Patient is more likely able to repeat a word flashed in which visual field?

Left

The visual cortex in which hemisphere is most likely to respond to a patient seeing an image in the right visual field?

Broca's Aphasia

Agrammatism

Wernicke's Aphasia

Anomia for nouns and verb

Conduction Aphasia

Phonemic Paraphasia

Broca's Aphasia

Also called "Production Aphasia"

Broca's Aphasia

Articulation difficulties

Wernicke's Aphasia

No concurrent deficits in Sign Language

Wernicke's Aphasia

Fluent but nonsensical speech

Broca's Aphasia

Can be associated with Sign Language deficits

Conduction Aphasia

May include difficulties with lip reading

Wernicke's Aphasia

May involve "Pure Word Deafness"

Conduction Aphasia

Difficulties in rehearsal in "Phonological Loop"

Wernicke's Aphasia

Anomia for nouns and verbs

Broca's Aphasia

Can repeat "cows eat grass" but not "No ifs, ands, or buts"

Wernicke's Aphasia

Also called "Receptive Aphasia"

Broca's Aphasia

Damage to premotor cortex

Wernicke's Aphasia

Can not follow commands

Wernicke's Aphasia

Damage to Planum Temporale

Conduction Aphasia

May include connecions to the STS

Olfactory bulb

Which of the following brain areas is the least likely to be involved in exchanges of spoken speech?

TRUE or FALSE

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE in regards to lateralization to the Right Hemisphere.

True

Global pattern recognition includes melody.

False

Damage to the right Temporal Lobe can result in deficits in interpreting spatial relations.

False

Damage to the right Parietal Lobe can result in reduced emotional expression.

True

Right hemisphere receives greater input from via magnocellular pathways than the left hemisphere does.

True

Plays a role in organizing narrative, and "getting the gist" of a story.

True

Damage to the right Parietal Lobe can result in deficits in mathematical reasoning.

False

Damage to the right Occipital Lobe can reduce capacity to interpret emotions in others.

True

Damage to the right Parietal Lobe can negatively impact the ability to read maps.