Ch: 18 Endocrine System

contrast the endocrine and nervous system

the nervous system initiates a fast and rapid response. the endocrine system initiates a slow, but lasting response.

what gland is known as the hypophysis?

the pituitary gland

which one is more prominent positive or negative feedback mechanisms?

negative feedback

releasing hormones of the hypothalamus targets the anterior OR posterior pituitary?

ANTERIOR

what is melatonin secreted by?

the pineal gland

function of antidiuretic hormone (pituitary secreted)?

Promotes reabsorption of water from the kidney tubules and vasoconstriction

function of TSH hormone (pituitary secreted)?

Stimulates production and secretion of thyroid hormones

function of prolactin hormone (pituitary secreted)?

Stimulates milk production

function of oxytocin hormone (pituitary secreted)?

stimulates milk secretion

function of ACTH hormone (pituitary secreted)?

Increases secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex

tropic

releasing; stimulates other glands to release hormones

function of LH hormone (pituitary secreted)?

Stimulates testosterone production

function of FSH hormone (pituitary secreted)?

stimulate sperm production

function of Lipotropin hormone (pituitary secreted)?

increases lipid production

function of Vasopressin hormone (pituitary secreted)?

blood vessel constriction

The only 2 hormones released by the POSTERIOR pituitary gland are:

ADH and oxytocin

which hormone increases gene expression and thus promotes tissue growth throughout the body?

GH (growth hormone)

what is the pituitary gland controlled by?

the hypothalamus

what gland is this (found on either side of trachea)

thyroid gland

What is T4?

Tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine

function of calcitonin or C cells (thyroid secreted)

decrease calcium levels in blood by decreasing osteoclast activity (less bone breaking activity)

function of parathyroid hormone

increases bone reabsorption and calcium absorption in the intestines

what gland is this?

parathyroid gland

function of Mineralocorticoids?

sodium and potassium balance

target tissues of PTH?

kidneys, intestines, bone

when is aldosterone secreted?

when potassium levels increase OR BP decreases

function of calcitonin

increases osteoblast activity for the rebuilding of bone. It decreases calcium in the blood.

function of aldosterone?

stimulate kidneys to retain sodium and excrete potassium = when sodium and potassium low = MORE aldosterone

function of insulin?

targets the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue, resulting in glucose uptake into those tissues

stimulates cells to absorb and store or metabolize amino acids and glucose

increased glucose intake + convert glucose -> glycogen

what does hyperglycemia do to insulin secretion?

stimulates it + elevated blood glucose levels

what tissue does insulin target?

most cells (skeletal, fat, liver // Mostly all except nervous)

what hormones stimulates cells to absorb and store or metabolize amino acids and glucose?

estrogen + progesterone

main difference between insulin and glucagon?

insulin = (-) blood sugar levels //takes glucose from blood -> muscles, liver, other cells

glucagon = (+) blood sugar levels // takes GLYCOGEN from liver, skeletal muscle -> blood

what are paracrine chemical messengers?

Chemicals released from one cell that diffuse short distances and influence the activity of another cell type

what are autocrine chemical messengers?

A chemical produced by a cell which influences that cell (same cell type)

function of glucagon?

- break down glycogen
-increase blood sugar levels
- increase gluconeogenesis

explain differences between type 1 AND type 2 diabetes

still needed to make flash cards for this

what is gestational diabetes?

diabetes developed during pregnancy, comes and go with pregnancy, influenced by genetics

ACTUAL TEST QUESTION: when blood sugar levels decrease.........

insulin secretion decreases
glucagon secretion increases