A&P Light Work Final

What is the main purpose of the circulatory system?

To transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

Name the external structures of the heart.

Atria, ventricles, coronary arteries, apex, and pericardium.

Name the internal structures of the heart and their functions.

Valves (prevent backflow), septum (divides heart), papillary muscles and chordae tendineae (support valve function).

What are antigens and antibodies in blood typing?

Antigens are surface proteins on RBCs; antibodies attack foreign antigens in the plasma.

What is the pathway of blood through the heart and lungs?

Body → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Lungs → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Body.

What are the components of blood and their functions?

RBCs (oxygen transport), WBCs (immune defense), platelets (clotting), plasma (transport nutrients and waste).

How do arteries, veins, and capillaries differ?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins return blood, capillaries exchange gases and nutrients.

What is the purpose of the respiratory system?

To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood.

Where are the major parts of the respiratory system located?

Nasal cavity (head), pharynx/larynx/trachea (neck), bronchi/lungs (thoracic cavity).

What is the function of the alveoli?

They facilitate gas exchange between air and blood.

What happens during inhalation and exhalation?

Inhalation: diaphragm contracts, lungs expand; Exhalation: diaphragm relaxes, lungs deflate.

Trace the pathway of air through the respiratory system.

Nose → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli.

What is the main purpose of the digestive system?

To break down food and absorb nutrients.

Where are alimentary located?

Alimentary: mouth to anus

Where are accessory organs located?

Accessory: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

What are the functions of alimentary vs accessory organs?

Alimentary organs move and digest food; accessory organs produce enzymes and secretions.

What does amylase do?

Breaks down starch into sugars.

What does pepsin do?

Breaks down proteins into peptides in the stomach.

What's the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?

Mechanical: physical breakdown (chewing); Chemical: enzymatic breakdown of molecules.

What is the purpose of the urinary system?

To filter blood and remove waste via urine.

What is the structure and function of a nephron?

The nephron filters blood and forms urine; includes glomerulus, tubules, and collecting duct.

Where are the organs of the urinary system located?

Kidneys (back of abdominal cavity), ureters (from kidneys to bladder), bladder (pelvis), urethra (bladder to exit).

What are the functions of urinary organs?

Kidneys filter blood, ureters transport urine, bladder stores urine, urethra releases urine.

What is the function of the reproductive system?

To produce, store, and transport gametes for reproduction.

What is the male reproductive anatomy and its function?

Testes (sperm and testosterone), vas deferens, urethra, penis.

What is the female reproductive anatomy and its function?

Ovaries (eggs and hormones), uterus (fetal development), fallopian tubes, vagina.

What is gametogenesis?

The process of forming gametes: spermatogenesis (sperm) and oogenesis (egg).

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

Menstrual, follicular, ovulation, luteal.

What are key hormones in the reproductive system and their functions?

Estrogen/progesterone (female development, cycle regulation), testosterone (male development), LH/FSH (gamete production).

What is the process of embryonic development?

Fertilization → zygote → blastocyst → implantation → embryo → fetus.

What are the stages of birth?

Dilation, expulsion, and placental stage.

What structure separates the left and right sides of the heart?

The septum.

What is the function of heart valves?

To prevent backflow of blood.

Which heart chamber receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

Left atrium.

Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood to the body?

Left ventricle.

What is the pulmonary circuit?

The circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs and back.

What is the systemic circuit?

The circulation of blood from the heart to the body and back.

What antigen is present in type A blood?

A antigen.

What antibodies does type A blood have?

Anti-B antibodies.

What is agglutination?

Clumping of blood cells due to antigen-antibody reaction.

What is the purpose of hemoglobin?

To bind and transport oxygen in red blood cells.

Which component of blood is involved in clotting?

Platelets.

What is the function of the nasal cavity?

It houses the vocal cords and is involved in sound production.

What structure keeps the trachea open?

C-shaped cartilage

What muscle contracts during inhalation?

The diaphragm.

What causes air to move into the lungs?

Negative pressure created by diaphragm contraction.

What gas is primarily exhaled?

Carbon dioxide.

What is the role of surfactant in the alveoli?

To reduce surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse.

What is the alimentary canal?

The continuous tube from the mouth to the anus.

What is the role of the tongue?

Helps move food and aids in swallowing.

Where is bile produced and stored?

Produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder.

What enzyme is found in saliva?

Amylase.

Where is pepsin active and what does it digest?

In the stomach, digests proteins.

What are villi and microvilli?

Fingerlike projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption.

What is mechanical digestion?

Physical breakdown of food.

What is chemical digestion?

Breakdown of food molecules by enzymes.

What is the glomerulus?

A network of capillaries where blood filtration begins.

What is the Bowman's capsule?

Encases the glomerulus and collects the filtrate.

What is tubular reabsorption?

Process where water and nutrients are reabsorbed into the bloodstream.

What is the renal pelvis?

The funnel-shaped area that collects urine and leads to the ureter.

What hormone increases water reabsorption?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

What is the role of aldosterone? (STRAY)

Regulates sodium and potassium levels.

Where is sperm produced?

In the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

What is the function of the epididymis?

Stores and matures sperm.

What is the function of the vas deferens?

Transports sperm from the testes to the urethra.

Where does fertilization typically occur?

In the fallopian tubes.

What is the role of the corpus luteum?

Secretes progesterone to maintain the uterine lining.

What does FSH do in females?

Stimulates follicle development.

What does LH do in females?

Triggers ovulation.

What is a morula?

A solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized egg.

What is a blastocyst?

A hollow ball of cells that implants in the uterus.

What forms the placenta?

Tissues from both the mother and the embryo.

What is the first stage of labor?

Dilation of the cervix.

What is the second stage of labor?

Delivery of the baby.

What is the third stage of labor?

Delivery of the placenta.

Are you gonna ace this test?

yess