Ankle and Foot Range of Motion: Goniometry and Inclinometry Techniques

Talocrural dorsiflexion/plantarflexion

Start position: Patient supine or long seated. Towel under knee to hold in 20-30 degree flexion

Inclinometer: along sole of foot, make sure foot is off table or have them short seated, 0 it on the table and then put it on her sole

Normal Range/End feel: DF- 20 firm, PF 50 firm/hard

Substitutions: DF- knee extension, toe extension, PF- knee flexion, toe flexion

Subtalar inversion/eversion

Start position: Patient supine or long seated, stabilize tibia, measurement preformed prone

Queue: rotate your feet so your soles are touching each other, then opposite way

Goni:Axis at midline of the superior calcaneus; stationary arm along midline of calcaneus, distal arm going down midline of calcaneus

Normal range/ end feel: Inv- 5 firm end feel, Ev- 5 firm/hard end feel

substitutions: inversion-hip irot, eversion- hip erot

Foot supination/pronation

Start position: Patient short seated, stabilization at tibia

Goniometer: axis anterior talocrural joint, stationary arm parallel to tibia, moveable arm in line with 2nd metatarsal

Inclinometer- aligned in frontal plane along 1st MT for supination. aligned in frontal plane Along 5th MT for pronation, grab arch of foot

Normal range/end feel: supination- 30 firm end feel, pronation- 20 firm end feel

Substitions: supination- hip/tibial IROT, knee flexion, hip abduction Pronations- hip/tibial EROT, knee extension, hip adduction

1st MTP flexion/extension

Start position: Patient long seated. stabilization at metatarsals

Goni: Axis at lateral aspect of 1st MTP (level of ball of foot), stationary arm parallel to 1st MT, moveable arm parallel to 1st proximal phalanx

Normal range/ end feel: flexion- 45 firm, extension- 70 firm end

Substitutions: Flexion- ankle PF Extension- Ankle DF

1st MTP abduction/adduction

Start position: Patient long seated, Grasp 1st MT and 1st proximal phalanx

goni: axis at dorsal 1st MTP joint, stationary arm on 1st MT, moveable arm at 1st proximal phalanx

Normal range/end feel: Abduction firm end feel, Adduction soft end feel

Substitutions:Often unable to preform actively

MTP flexion/extension

Start position: Patient long seated, stabilization at metatarsals

Finger goni: Axis at Dorsal(flexion) or plantar (extension) MTP joint, startion arm at MT, moveable arm at proximal phalanx

Normal range/end feel: Flexion- 40 firm, Extension- 40 firm

Substitutions: Flexion- Ankle PF, Extension- Ankle DF

IP flexion/extension

Start position: Patient long seated, stabilization at proximal segment

Finger goni: Axis at dorsal(flexion) or plantar (extension) joint, Stationary arm at proximal segment, moveable arm at distal segment

Normal range/end feel: flexion- 90 soft/firm end feel, Extension- 0 firm end feel

Substitutions: flexion- ankle PF, extension- Ankle DF