AP Psych Unit 3

developmental psych

studies how ppl grow and change OT

cross-sectional study

research that compares ppl of diff ages at same time

longitudinal study

research that retests same group of ppl OT

teratogens

things that harm baby during pregnancy

habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

maturation

biological growth, mostly uninfluenced by exp

critical period

time when certain development must happen

adolescence

transition from childhood to adulthood

puberty

sexual maturation, capable of reproduction

intersex

born with biological sexual characteristics of both sexes

aggression

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt

relational aggression

hurting social standing

carol gilligan

criticized kohlberg, argued female morality focuses on care/rls

x chromosome

in both sexes, females have 2

y chromosome

in males

testosterone

primary male sex hormone, stimulates growth of sex organs

estrogen

primary female sex hormone

primary sex characteristics

reproductive organs, needed for reproduction

secondary sex characteristics

non-reproductive traits, develop at puberty

spermarche

first ejaculation (male puberty milestone)

menarche

first period (female puberty milestone)

gender role

expected behaviors/traits for males or female

sexual aggression

harmful sexual behavior

gender identity

internal sense of gender

social learning theory

learn behavior by observing, imitating, reward/punishment

gender typing

adopting a trad male or female role

alfred kinsey

researcher on human sexual behavior

social script

culturally guided rules

alice eagly

proposed social role theory, gender diffs from social expectations

jean piaget

four stages of cognitive development theory

sensorimotor (0-2) piaget

learning thru senses, develops object permanence

preoperational (2-7) piaget

symbolic thought, egocentrism

concrete operational (7-11) piaget

logical thinking about concrete things, conservation

formal operational (12+) piaget

abstract and hypothetical and scientific reasoning

cognition

all mental activities

schema

mental framework that interprets info

assimilation

interpreting new info using existing schemas

accomodation

adjusting schemas to fit new info

lev vygotsky

emphasized social interaction and culture in cognitive development

scaffold (vygotsky)

temporary support that helps a child learn

zone of proximal development

sweet spot in learning

sociocultural theory

learning is in social interactions and culture

theory of mind

ideas about own or others’ feelings

noam chomsky

argued for universal grammar, humans born prepared for language

phoneme

small distinctive sound unit (sh in ship)

morpheme

smallest unit that has meaning (un-,-ed)

universal grammar

chomsky’s idea, all languages share a basic, innate structure

babbling stage (4 mth)

speaks various meaningless words

one word stage (1-2 yrs)

speaks single words

two word stage (2 yrs)

speaks in two words

telegraphic speech

two word stage

aphasia

impairment of language (from broca’s or wernicke’s area)

broca’s area

frontal lobe area controlling speech muscles

wernicke’s area

temporal lobe area controlling language understanding

linguistic determinism

whorf’s idea, language determines thought (strong view, rejected)

linguistic relativism

language influences thought (weak view, accepted)

ecological systems theory

bronfenbrenner’s idea, development within nested environmental systems

microsystem

immediate direct contact groups

mesosystem

relationship between microsystem groups

exosystem

environments that indirectly affect a person

macrosystem

cultural beliefs

chronosystem

life stage and related events

stranger anxiety (8 mths)

fear of strangers

harry harlow

monkey studies, emphasized contact comfort over feeding

margaret harlow

harry harlow’s research collaborator on attachment

imprinting

critical period attachment process

konrad lorenz

studied imprinting in geese

mary ainsworth

made stranger situation experiment to study attachment

attachment

emotional tie to another, seeking closeness to caregiver

secure attachment

child explores, distressed when mom leaves, easily comforted upon return

insecure attachment

avoidant or anxious behaviors in strange situation

temperament

person’s characteristic emotional intensity and reactivity (stable, hereditary)

erik erikson

eight stages of psychosocial development

basic trust

sense that world is predictable and truthworthy

diana baumrind

found 3 parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive

emerging adulthood

18 to mid twenties

social clock

cultural expectations for timing of life events

associative learning

linking two events: stimuli or response/consequence

respondent behavior

automatic response to stimulus

operant behavior

behavior that acts on environment to produce consequences

cognitive learning

learning by observing, watching others, or thru language

ivan pavlov

found classical conditioning (dog and bells)

classical conditioning

learning to link 2 stimuli and anticipate events

john b. watson

found behaviorism, little albert experiment

behaviorism

believe psych should be objective science, studying only observable behavior

neutral stimulus (NS)

stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning (bell)

unconditioned response (UCR)

unlearned, natural response to UCS (salivation to food)

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

stimulus that triggers UCR (food)

conditioned response (CR)

learned response to previously neutral stimulus (salivation to bell)

conditioned stimulus (CS)

neutral stimulus that now triggers a CR (bell, after pairing)

acquisition

initial stage, NS and UCS are linked, and CR begins

higher-order conditioning

pairing new NS with already established CS

extinction

CR weakens when CS is no longer followed by UCS

spontaneous recovery

reappearance of stopped CR after pause

generalization

responding similarly to stimuli similar to CS

discrimination

ability to distinguish between CS and other stimuli

preparedness

biological predisposition to easily learn associations with survival value

john garcia

studied taste aversion, showed biological limits on conditioning

operant conditioning

behavior strengthened by reinforcement or weakened by punishment

bf skinner

made operant conditioning, made operant chamber (skinner box)