Effects of Hormones on Development and Cognition

Developmental Effects

Hormones drive male and female development from conception to adulthood.

Activational Effects

In adults, hormones directly activate behavior and physiological functions.

Estrogens and Cognition

Estrogens enhance neurogenesis, reduce brain damage, and improve cognition.

Testosterone and Cognition

Testosterone influences brain function and cognition in adults.

Anabolic Steroid Use

The misuse of anabolic steroids affects behavior and cognition.

Male Sexual Behavior

Gonadal hormones influence sexual behavior in males.

Female Sexual Behavior

Gonadal hormones influence sexual behavior and preferences in females.

Neural Mechanisms of Sexual Behavior

The brain mechanisms involved in regulating sexual behavior.

Neuroprotective Effects of Estrogens

Estrogens reduce brain inflammation and promote brain cell regeneration.

Estrogens and Neurogenesis

Estrogens enhance neurogenesis and neuroplasticity during specific hormonal phases.

Estrogens and Dendritic Spines

Estrogens enhance dendritic spines and synaptic proteins.

Estrogens and Cognition Studies

Estrogens enhance learning at low doses and prevent age-related cognitive decline.

Genomic Effects of Steroid Hormones

Long-term effects of steroid hormones on protein expression.

Rapid Effects of Steroid Hormones

Short-term cell signaling effects of steroid hormones.

Estrogen Receptors in Cognition

Estrogen receptors ERa and ERb modulate learning through genomic and non-genomic mechanisms.

Rapid Effects of Estrogens on Dendritic Spines

Estrogens rapidly impact dendritic spine length and density in the hippocampus.

Rapid Effects of Estrogens on Learning Paradigms

Estrogens influence various learning paradigms through different receptors.

Rapid Effects of Estrogens in the Dorsal Hippocampus

Direct micro-infusions of estrogens in the dorsal hippocampus affect learning paradigms.

Estrogen Agonists in Learning Paradigms

Specific estrogen agonists facilitate or impair learning in different paradigms.

Estrogens and Stereotaxic Apparatus

Estrogens are infused directly into the dorsal hippocampus using a stereotaxic apparatus.

Summary of Estrogen Effects on Learning

Estrogens and specific agonists have varying effects on learning paradigms.

Rapid Effects of Estrogens on Learning

Estrogens' swift impact on cognition, mainly involving the dorsal hippocampus.

Testosterone Effects on Cognition

Enhancements in learning, aggression, risk-taking, and attention to threats.

Organizational Effects

Consistent effects of hormones on brain organization.

Androgen

Hormone acting through Androgen Receptors (ARs).

Aromatase

Enzyme converting androgens to estrogens.

Estrogen Receptors (ERs)

Receptors through which estrogens act.

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

A potent form of testosterone.

Risk Taking

Behavior more prevalent in males, seen in rodents and humans.

Aggression

More common in males, especially overt aggression.

Anabolic Steroids

Substances promoting growth, with desired effects in athletes.

Side Effects of Anabolic Steroid Use

Negative consequences like hormonal imbalances, organ damage, and psychological issues.

Hormone Replacement Therapy

Treatment using hormones to address health issues due to hormone deficiency.