Pathology finals - CELLS

ACANTHOCYTES

• Spherical cells have blunt-tipped or club shaped spicules (3-12)

• They are linked to liver ds and lipid metabolism disorders

• Asymmetrical/irregular spicules

POIKILOCYTES

• Are broad term for erythrocytes with Abnormal shapes, which can be subclassified based on specific shape changes

• Some shapes have unique diagnostic significance, while others are more non-specific

ECHINOCYTES

• Spiculated RBC’s, also known as crenated or “Burr” cells; have sharp spicules

• Can be an artifactual change seen in stored or “old” blood

• Evenly spaced/uniform spicules

DACROCYTES

• Tear drop cell associated with fibrotic states of marrow, hemolytic anemia and drug reaction such as phenothiazine and chloramphenicol

CODOCYTES / LEPTOCYTES

• Have a normal central pallor resembling a “Bullseye”

• They develop from excess membrane and decreased hemoglobin

• Associated with iron deficiency anemia, obstructive liver disease and Cirrhosis

SCHIZOCYTES

• Fragmented red cells/ mechanical injury; Trapping of rbc’s in the circulation by fibrin (ex. thrombosis)

• Common in DIC (Disseminated intravascular coagulation), iron deficiency anemia

• Normal in young ruminants

DREPANOCYTES

• Sickle cells

• Associated with certain blood parasites such as malaria and in trypanosomiasis recessive gene defect in humans

• Normal in deer

ELLIPTOCYTOSIS

• Elongated red blood cells

• They are 3 types of elongated red blood cells

• Type I: Slightly oval shaped (formerly ovalocyte)

• Type II: Rounded to oval-shaped

• Type III: Elongated elliptical

• The distinction among these types is not clinically relevant, though some forms may occur may frequently in certain disease

SPHEROCYTOSIS

• Indicates presence of red cells with increased central thickness

  • Causes include membrane depletion, accelerated red cell aging, resulting from pathological processes such as in immunohemolytic anemia

ERYTHROCYTOSIS / POLYCYTHEMIA

• Refers to an increase in red cell mass

• It indicates elevated packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentration

1. Regenerative

2. Non-regenerative anemia

Give 2 classification of anemia

NORMOCYTIC

In anemia it is the term for normal size

MACROCYTIC

In anemia, it is the term for abnormally large cells

MICROCYTIC

In anemia, it is the term for abnormally small size

1. HEMORRHAGE (BLOOD LOSS)

2. HEMOLYSIS (RBC DESTRCUTION)

Under regenerative anemia what are the 2 classification

1. Trauma, perforation, coagulopathy rodenticide toxicity - ACUTE

2. May eventually become non-regenerative. ex: GI bleeding - CHRONIC

2 types of blood loss (hemorrhage)

1. Non-immune membrane damage

2. Phagocytosis

3. Immune mediated destruction (IMHA)

3 types of blood destruction (Hemolysis)

BONE MARROW POOL

Leukocyte awaiting differentiation (Lymph nodes and spleen)

CIRCULATING POOL

Leukocytes carried at the circulation

MARGINAL POOL

Margins of blood vessels binded at the endothelium

How many days neutrophil matures in the bone marrow

10 days

TRUE

True or False

• Once in the tissues, neutrophils do not re-enter the blood stream

LEUKOCYTOSIS

• Increase in number of circulating leukocytes

• Occurs during active infection

LYMPHOCYTOSIS

Term for high in lymphocyte

NEUTROPHILIA

Term for high in neutrophil

EOSINOPHILIA

term for high in eosinophil

MONOCYTOSIS

Term for high in monocytes

BASOPHILIA

Term for high in basophil

LEUKOPENIA

Term for decrease on leukocytes

LYMPHOPENIA

Term for low in lymphocyte

NEUTROPENIA

Term for low in neutrophil

EOSINOPENIA

Term for low in eosinophil

PANLEUKOPENIA

Term if all cells are affected

LEUKEMIA

Defined as the presence of neoplastic cells in circulation and / or the bone marrow

ACUTE LEUKEMIA

Cancer of hematopoietic stem cells of the bone marrow

All are aggressive and rapidly fatal without treatment

CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA

Proliferation of small mature lymphocytes

THROMBOCYTOPENIA

• A state in which a patient’s platelet count is lower

• Most common hemostatic disorder observes in dogs and cats

THROMBOCYTOSIS

Increased platelet number may be associated with primary marrow disease, such as in megakaryocytic leukemia (rare), chronic blood loss and iron deficiency, or chronic excess corticosteroid exposure

RED

In young animals, the marrow from long bone color is

YELLOW

In old animals, the marrow is

FAT RESORPTION

Transformation of bone marrow into jelly like appearance is due to

MYELOID HYPERPLASIA

• Increase in the production of myeloid cells

• Occurring during infections, when there is a greater demand for white blood cells

BONE MARROW APLASIA OR PANCYTOPENIA

• Is a failure of the bone marrow to produce blood cells, resulting in decreased rbc, wbc and platelets

BONE MARROW NECROSIS

• Refers to the death of bone marrow tissue, caused by direct injury from various agents or by impaired blood supply due to failure of the marrow microcirculation

MYELOFIBROSIS

The excessive growth of fibrous tissue within the bone marrow

MYELOPHTHISIS

• The replacement of normal bone marrow by metastatic neoplastic cells, resulting in decreased hematopoiesis

MYELODYSPLASIA OR DYSMYELOPOIESIS

Is characterized by abnormal maturation and development of bone marrow cells

MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER

• Refers to the abnormal proliferation of marrow cells and may include myelodysplasia and neoplasia

• Characterized by the presence of a large number of neoplastic cells of myeloid origin on blood smears, commonly called Leukemia

RED PULP

What color of pulp of the spleen describes the ff:

• Filtration

• Removal (phagocytosis) of foreign material and bacteria

• Removal of erythrocytes

• Senescent erythrocytes

• Damaged erythrocytes

• Storage (red pulp vascular spaces)

• Storage of blood (in storage spleens)

WHITE PULP

What color of pulp of the spleen describes the ff:

Immunologic function:

• Lymphocyte

• Production of antibodies

Marginal zone

• Homing of circulating lymphocytes in the blood

• Phagocytosis and processing of antigen

• Macrophage activation

SPLENOMEGALY

Term for enlargement of the spleen

1. LOCALIZED SPLENIC ENLARGEMENT

2. DIFFUSE SPLENOMEGALY

2 types of splenic enlargement

ONE-WAY-TRAFFIC

Term for when neutrophils do not re-enter the circulation, only the lymphocytes

CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA

Characterized by abnormal proliferation of small mature lymphocytes

LYMPHOCYTES

This white blood cell can return to the vascular system and recirculate, with some having much longer lifespans than other white blood cells

B and T lymphocytes

2 Types of lymphocytes

NORMOCHROMIC

In hemoglobin, normal color is termed as

HYPOCHROMIC

In hemoglobin, below normal is termed as

THYMUS

• This organ play a crucial role in the development and functioning of the immune system

• Particularly in the differentiation, selection, and maturation of T lymphocytes that are produced in the bone marrow

THYMIC HEMORRHAGE

Are common during the agonal process and various septicemic diseases

THYMUS INFLAMMATION

Is linked to viral infections such as canine distemper, feline panleukopenia, and equine viral rhinopneumonitis