Invertebrates/Early Embryo

What is formed as a result of fertilization?

Zygote

What is the name of rapidly divides cells?

Cleavage

What is a hollow ball of cells? (now an embryo)

Blastula

What forms 3 germ layers? Name the layers.

Gastrula (Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm)

What is differentiation?

The process through which cells become specialized in shape and function.

DNA in each cell of a multicellular organism is ALWAYS what?

The same

Growth factors and hormones ____ only specific parts of the DNA to be _______.

Signal, activated

What is the particular combination of genes that are turned on that determine the specialized cell’s shape and function?

Gene expression

What does an Ectoderm do?

Form body coverings and nervous system

What does a Mesoderm do?

Forms skeleton and muscle.

What does a Endoderm do?

Forms a digestive system and respiratory system.

What is a specialized cell called? (before it differentiates)

Stem cell

Stem cell therapy uses both _______ stem cells and ______ stem cells to treat or prevent disease.

embryonic, adult

What changes the body by controlled chemicals?

Metamorphosis

How many complete metamorphosis stages are there of insects? Name Stages. Give example.

Four which are Egg, Larva, pupa, adult. Example is a moth.

Incomplete metamorphosis of insects has how many stages. Give example.

Three (Egg, Nymph, Adult). Example is a grasshopper.

Phylum Chordata has a dorsal hollow nerve cord that becomes the what?

Spinal cord

Phylum Chordata have a notocord that becomes the what?

Backbone

Where are the pharyngeal pouches located in the Phylum Chordata?

The embryo

Vertebrates have a _________ _________ that is made of a vertabrae?

Spinal column

Where is the brain located on the spinal cord?

On top

Do vertebrates have a jointed internal skeleton or an external skeleton? What is present at some time in vertebrates?

Jointed internal. A tail is present.

What does the large coelum contain?

Organs

What are the gills used for and what are lungs used for?

Gills-for water
Lungs-on land for gas exchange

What does the endotherm (warm-blooded) do for temperature?

Use energy to regulate their body temperature.

What does the ectotherm (cold-blooded) do for temperature?

Uses surroundings which determine their body temperature, to conserve energy.

Describe the excretory waste ammonia?

Most toxic, released in the water

Describe the excretory waste urea?

Diluted with water to make urine.

Describe the Excretory waste Uric Acid?

Least toxic,solid to reduce weight.

What is external fertilization?

Eggs fertilized outside the female body.

What is internal fertilization?

Eggs fertilized inside the female body.

What does chorion (outer) do? What does an Amniotic egg do?

Encloses the embryo. Prevents eggs on land from drying out.

What does the amnion (middle) do?

Encloses the amniotic fluid

What does the Amniotic Fluid (inside) do?

Cushions the embryo from shock

What does the Yolk Sac do?

Surrounds the Yolk (food)

What does the purpose of the Allantois?

Forms the Respiratory membrane and provides area for wastes.

What happens when there are 2 heart chambers: 1 atrium, 1 ventricle?

Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are mixed.

What happens when there are 3 heart chambers: 2 atria, 1 ventricle?

Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are mixed.

What is the common name for Annelida, and what are the examples? Name Symmetry type.

Segmented Worms (Earthworm, leach) BILATERAL

What is the common name for Mollusca and what are the examples? Name symmetry type.

Soft Bodies (Squid, oyster, snail, octopus, clam) BILATERAL

What is the common name for Echinodermata and what are the examples? Name symmetry type.

Spiny Skin(Starfish, sea cucumber, sea urchin) RADIAL

What is the common name for Arthropoda and what are the examples? Name symmetry type.

Jointed Leg (Insects - grasshopper, crustaceans - lobster, arachnids - spider, and centipedes/millipedes. BILATERAL

What is the common name for Porifera and what are the examples? Name symmetry type.

Pore-bearing (Sponge) ASYMMETRICAL

What is the common name for Cnidaria and what are the examples? Name symmetry type.

Stinging Cells (Jellyfish, coral, sea anemone, hydra) RADIAL

What is the common name for platyhelminths and what are the examples? Name symmetry type. What disease is caused?

Flatworms (Planarians, tapeworm, fluke) causes schistosomiasis BILATERAL

What is the common name for Nematoda and what are the examples? Causes elephantiasis. Name symmetry type.

Roundworms (Hookwom, trichina worm, filarial worm) BILATERAL

What are the 5 kingdoms for vertabrates?

Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

Hearts for vertebrates have how many chambers? Their circulatory system is open or closed?

2 - 4 chambers. Circulatory system is CLOSED.

What happens when there are 4 heart chambers? 2 Atria, 2 Ventricles

Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are separate and is the most efficient heart type.

Give examples of the Fish Kingdom.

Jawless Fish (no scales or jaws) - lamprey

Cartilaginous Fish (skeleton of cartilage - shark, rays

Bony Fish (skeleton of bone) - goldfish, salmon, trout.

GIve examples of Amphibian Kingdom.

Salamander and Frog

Give example of the Reptile Kingdom

Dinosaurs, crocodiles, alligators, turtles, lizards, snakes

Give examples of the Bird Kingdom.

Chickens, Robins, Ostriches

Give examples of the Mammal Kingdom.

Monotremes - Duck billed platypus

Marsupials - Kangaroo

Placental Mammals - Humans

What are the 5 characteristics of vertebrate groups?

Movement, body coverings, Respiratory systems, Excretory systems, circulatory systems.

2 chambered hearts belong to?

Fish

3 chambered hearts belong to?

Amphibians and reptiles

4 chambered hearts belong to?

Birds and mammals

Air sacs belong to?

Birds

Which of the animal kingdoms excretes urea?

Amphibians and mammals

Which of the animal kingdoms excretes ammonia?

Fish

Which of the animal kingdoms excretes Uric acid?

Birds and reptiles

Who goes under metamorphosis in the animal kingdom?

Amphibians (frog)

Who has lungs in the animal kingdom?

Amphibians, Reptiles, birds (air sacs), mammals

What has thick waterproof eggs in the animal kingdom?

Reptiles

How do sponges eat?

Filter feed. Cells with flagella bring water through and filter out the food.

What are 3 characteristics of organisms in kingdom Animalia?

Have a spinal cord, backbone, brain at top, jointed internal skeleton, a tail at some point, coelom, heart with 2-4 chambers, closed circulatory system, gills/lungs, regulate temperature, excrete wastes, and amniotic egg.

What is the difference between bilateral and radial symmetry?

Bilateral symmetry is where the body can be divided into mirror-image halves along one plane, while radial symmetry is where the body can be divided into multiple identical sections around the center of the body.

What organisms show bilateral symmetry?

All organisms except sponges and water organisms.

What organisms show radial symmetry?

Water organisms such as Jellyfish, sea anemones, coral, hydra, sand dollar, sea urchins, and starfish.

What organisms lack symmetry? Asymmetrical.

Sponges and some corals.

What are examples of nematodes?

Trichina Worms, hookworms, and filarial worms.

What is the difference between Platyhelminthes and Nematoda? (common names)

Platyhelminthes are flatworms, while Nematoda are roundworms.

How do jellyfish eat?

Capture food with tentacles covered in stinging cells and bring to mouth.

How do tapeworms eat?

Digestive cavity (planaria has one opening) suckers (parasites). Absorb nutrients from host’s intestine.

How do Mollusca (soft bodies) eat? Squid, Oyster, Snail, Clam, Octopus?

Redula - organ with teeth to scrape food.

Name habitat for Porifera (Sponges).

Water

Name habitat for Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Hydra, Coral, Sea Anemone).

Water

Name habitat for Platyhelminthes (Tapeworm, Fluke).

Parasites in hosts. Planaria in water.

Name habitat for Nematoda (Hookworm, Trichina).

In the soil, water, and parasite hosts.

Name habitat for Annelida (Earthworm, Leach).

Water, Land

Name habitat for Mollusca (Squid, Oyster, Snail, Octopus, Clam).

Water, Land.

Name habitat for Echinodermata (Starfish, Sand Dollar, Sea Urchin).

Water

Name habitat for Arthropoda (Insects, Crustaceans, Arachnids, Centipedes/Millipedes).

Everywhere.

What are five characteristics of vertebrates?

Body coverings, movement, respiratory system, excretory system, circulatory system.

Who of the following is an ectotherm? FARBM

Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles

Who has mammary glands? FARBM

Mammals

Who is an endotherm? FARBM

Birds. Mammals.

Who has lungs? FARBM

Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals.

Who undergoes metamorphosis? FARBM

Amphibians.

Who excrete Uric Acid? FARBM

Reptiles, Birds.

Who excretes Urea? FARBM

Amphibians, Mammals.

Who excretes Ammonia? FARBM

Fish.

Who has hollow bones? FARBM

Birds.

Who has air sacs? FARBM

Birds.