________ are structures consisting of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) that remove introns from pre- mRNA and then splice together the exons.
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genetic information
The process by which ________ in a sequence of DNA nucleotides is transcribed into freshly generated RNA molecules is known as transcription.
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reverse transcriptase
Because ________ is less precise than RNA polymerase, retroviruses have a high mutation rate.
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phrase central dogma
The ________ refers to the usual flow of genetic information in a cell, in which DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is subsequently translated into proteins by ribosomes.
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peptide bond
Once the ________ between the amino acids is established, the first tRNA releases its amino acid (which is now connected to the second amino acid), and the ribosome releases the first tRNA.
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rough endoplasmic reticulum
The information in mRNA is used by ribosomes on the ________ to translate proteins.
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TATA boxes
________ are found in most eukaryotic promoters because they are high in thymine and adenine nucleotides.
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vesicle
A(n) ________ carrying the protein will bud out from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and go to the Golgi.
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tRNA
During translation, ________ (transfer RNA) folds into a three- dimensional structure that functions as an adaptor molecule.
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Codons
________ are three base- pair sequences in mRNA that are complementary to the DNA base pair sequence.
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DNA
In organisms, ________ and RNA are the bearers of genetic information.
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enzyme RNA polymerase
To begin transcription, the ________ must connect to a promoter, which is a noncoding DNA sequence.
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MRNA
________ (messenger RNA) is a single- stranded RNA that transports information from the DNA to the ribosome.
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three dimensional rRNA functions
The ________ as a ribozyme, catalyzing the translational events.
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Introns
________ are non- coding RNA segments found in eukaryotic pre- mRNAs.
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Transcription factors
________ are proteins that aid RNA polymerase in binding to the promoter region and initiating transcription.
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viral DNA
The information in the ________ incorporated into the host cell's genome will subsequently be transcribed and translated by the host cell.
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Reverse transcriptase
________ creates a DNA duplicate of the virus's RNA genome.
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DNA
Because the freshly manufactured RNA must be orthogonal to the template ________ strand, RNA polymerase reads the template ________ strand from 3′ to 5′.
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