Chapter 16 - Transcription and Translation

Spliceosomes

________ are structures consisting of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) that remove introns from pre- mRNA and then splice together the exons.

genetic information

The process by which ________ in a sequence of DNA nucleotides is transcribed into freshly generated RNA molecules is known as transcription.

reverse transcriptase

Because ________ is less precise than RNA polymerase, retroviruses have a high mutation rate.

phrase central dogma

The ________ refers to the usual flow of genetic information in a cell, in which DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is subsequently translated into proteins by ribosomes.

peptide bond

Once the ________ between the amino acids is established, the first tRNA releases its amino acid (which is now connected to the second amino acid), and the ribosome releases the first tRNA.

rough endoplasmic reticulum

The information in mRNA is used by ribosomes on the ________ to translate proteins.

TATA boxes

________ are found in most eukaryotic promoters because they are high in thymine and adenine nucleotides.

vesicle

A(n) ________ carrying the protein will bud out from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and go to the Golgi.

tRNA

During translation, ________ (transfer RNA) folds into a three- dimensional structure that functions as an adaptor molecule.

Codons

________ are three base- pair sequences in mRNA that are complementary to the DNA base pair sequence.

DNA

In organisms, ________ and RNA are the bearers of genetic information.

enzyme RNA polymerase

To begin transcription, the ________ must connect to a promoter, which is a noncoding DNA sequence.

MRNA

________ (messenger RNA) is a single- stranded RNA that transports information from the DNA to the ribosome.

three dimensional rRNA functions

The ________ as a ribozyme, catalyzing the translational events.

Introns

________ are non- coding RNA segments found in eukaryotic pre- mRNAs.

Transcription factors

________ are proteins that aid RNA polymerase in binding to the promoter region and initiating transcription.

viral DNA

The information in the ________ incorporated into the host cell's genome will subsequently be transcribed and translated by the host cell.

Reverse transcriptase

________ creates a DNA duplicate of the virus's RNA genome.

DNA

Because the freshly manufactured RNA must be orthogonal to the template ________ strand, RNA polymerase reads the template ________ strand from 3′ to 5′.