Treatments (Psychodynamic, Humanistic, Cognitive) and Research Methods

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering psychodynamic concepts, developmental stages, therapeutic techniques, and statistical research methods from the lecture notes.

Intrapsychic domain

A key concept in psychodynamic theory focusing on the internal psychological processes and conflicts within the mind.

Psychic Determinism

The Freudian view that nothing about human nature occurs by accident; all behavior is determined by unconscious mechanisms.

Id

The biological basis of mind and personality powered by life and death drives; it operates in the unconscious and does not care about right or wrong.

Ego

The rational, reality-oriented side of the mind that mediates the demands of the Id and Superego using defense mechanisms.

Superego

The moral component of personality influenced by society; it operates across the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind.

Fixation

A result of unresolved crises during psychosexual development where stress later in life causes maladaptive coping via regression to that stage.

Anal retentive

A personality type resulting from overcontrolling or abrasive parents during toilet training, characterized by being obsessive and perfectionistic.

Phallic stage

The stage occurring from age $3$ to $5$ years involving self-stimulation and attracton toward the opposite-sex parent, such as the Oedipus and Electra complexes.

Reaction formation

A defense mechanism where an individual acts in the exact opposite way of how they truly feel.

Displacement

A defense mechanism involving taking out anger on a weaker target rather than the actual desired target.

Sublimation

Working out inappropriate impulses in a healthy way, such as urges during the latency period being channeled into hobbies.

Identification with the aggressor

Taking on the characteristics of someone who feels threatened to appease or cope with them; also known in modern terms as capture-bonding.

Secure attachment

An attachment style where infants calm down easily upon a mother's return; adults with this style believe love is real and long-lasting.

Ambivalent/Anxious attachment

An attachment style where infants are upset when the mother leaves and returns; adults desperately want love but fear abandonment and cling tightly.

Identity foreclosure

An Erikson stage concept where an individual prematurely commits to an identity, often due to conditional positive regard.

Insight

The psychoanalytic goal of bringing formerly unconscious material into conscious awareness, often using projective techniques.

Transference

A roadblock in therapy where the patient projects relationships or relationship patterns of important others onto the therapist.

Manifest Content

The actual literal subject matter or 'dream work' of a dream as described by the dreamer.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A projective technique created by Henry Murray using ambiguous black and white images to have people project their needs and motives.

Self-actualization

A growth goal in humanistic psychology; Rogers believed anyone could reach it, while Maslow believed only a select few could.

Unconditional positive regard

Total acceptance from others without conditions, which is essential for developing positive self-regard and reaching self-actualization.

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

A therapy founded by Albert Ellis based on the idea that people are disturbed by their views of things rather than the things themselves.

Cognitive Triad

Beck’s model of depression consisting of distorted thoughts about the self, the world, and the future.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

A third-wave CBT treatment for Borderline PD that emphasizes mindfulness and increased awareness of feelings and motivations.

Efficacy studies

Research designed to determine if an intervention works, sometimes trading external validity for higher internal control.

Waitlist Control Group Designs

A research design that addresses ethical concerns by eventually providing treatment to the control group after a waiting period.

Dismantling Treatment Designs

Research aimed at determining which specific components of a treatment are responsible for the observed change by breaking them down into groups.

Pearson's r

A correlation coefficient and effect size ranging from $-1$ to $+1$ that denotes the magnitude of a relationship between two variables.

Moderated regression

A type of regression that examines whether one independent variable interacts with another to predict the dependent variable.

Type 1 error

A false positive where the alternative hypothesis is supported when the null hypothesis ($H_0$) is actually true.

Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)

A statistical procedure that tests the overall fit of a linear model while controlling for the effect of a continuous covariate.

Measurement invariance

The property of a test that continues to measure the same construct as it did when it was originally created.

Effect size

An objective and standardized statistic that observes the magnitude of an effect regardless of sample size.

P-value

The probability of observing results as extreme as those found if the null hypothesis is true; in this course, significant values are reported as $p < .05$.

Cronbach's Alpha

A measure of internal consistency reliability; scores of $.70$ or lower are generally considered undesirable for a research measure.