Undersranding Adative and Maladaptive Emotions Quiz 4 Study Guide

Temperament:

Early-emerging emotional tendencies (impulsivity, fear, confidence).

Emotionality Across Life:

How emotional traits develop from childhood to adulthood.

Continuities in Emotionality:

Emotional traits from childhood (e.g., impulsivity) remain consistent and impact life outcomes.

Caspi et al. (2003):

Study showing childhood temperaments predict adult emotional traits.

Asendorpf et al. (2008):

Study tracking inhibition or aggression in children to adulthood outcomes.

Big Five Personality Traits- Openness:

Creativity, curiosity.

Big Five Personality Traits- Conscientiousness:

Self-discipline, achievement striving.

Big Five Personality Traits- Extraversion:

Sociability, energy.

Big Five Personality Traits- Agreeableness:

Trust, kindness.

Big Five Personality Traits- Neuroticism:

Emotional instability, anxiety.

Positive Emotionality:

Linked to life satisfaction and longer life expectancy (e.g., Harker & Keltner (2001) study).

Continuity in Personality:

Personality traits remain relatively stable.

Correlation of 0.3:

Moderate prediction of adult personality from childhood temperament.

The Little Six:

A child-focused version of Big Five traits, including activity levels.

Positive/Negative Life Events:

Events like trauma or military service shape personality.

Sampson & Laub (1996):

Military service helped delinquent men improve.

Shiner, Allen, and Masten (2017):

Negative events can increase Neuroticism.

Secure Attachment-

Positive emotional regulation.

Insecure Attachment:

Includes Avoidant, Ambivalent, and Disorganized types.

Strange Situation Test:

Observes attachment behaviors through separations/reunions with caregivers.

Maturity Principle:

Adults become more Conscientious, Open, and Agreeable.

Disruption Hypothesis:

Adolescence can disrupt personality maturity.

Gene-Environment Correlation (rGE):

Genetics influence environmental choices (e.g., friendships)

Orchids:

Highly sensitive children reacting strongly to environmental stimuli.

Dandelions-

Less sensitive, more stable despite environment.

Parenting Impact:

Secure parents promote secure attachments in children.

Adult Attachment Interview (AAI):

Assesses adult attachment and parenting.

Cortisol:

Stress hormone, elevated in insecure attachment.

Amygdala:

Affects emotional processing, influenced by early attachment experiences.

Prefrontal Cortex:

Regulates emotions, altered in insecure attachment.

Environmental Risk Factors:

Disadvantaged environments increase insecure attachment risks.

Maltreatment:

Key factor in insecure attachment.

Genetic Influence on Attachment:

Minimal contribution to attachment patterns.

Biobehavioral Synchronization:

Emotional and physiological synchronization between parent and child.

Mentalization:

Parent’s understanding of a child’s internal states (e.g., emotions, thoughts).

Desire Language:

Words like "want" or "hope" used by parents predict later understanding of emotions (Taumoepeau & Ruffman, 2006).

Advanced Mental State Talk:

Parents talk about more complex emotions (e.g., thoughts, knowledge) between 15-33 months (Taumoepeau & Ruffman, 2008).

Gendered Emotion Language:

Parents associate sadness/happiness with girls and anger with boys (van der Pol et al., 2015).

Parental Influence:

Encouraging emotion talk is linked to better emotion understanding and prosocial behavior (Brownell et al., 2013).

Complex Emotion Discourse:

Middle childhood discussions on emotions improve problem-solving and social skills (Fenning et al., 2011).

Reminiscing About Negative Events:

Talking about emotions after negative events helps emotional development (Laible, 2004).

Collaborative Narrative:

Mothers’ active involvement in reminiscing benefits socioemotional functioning (Laible et al., 2013).

Bidirectional Influence:

Children influence parental emotional responses (Grusec, 2011).

Family Climate:

Emotional environment impacts emotional interactions (Browne et al., 2016).

Emotion Contagion:

Emotions spread among family members, both negative (e.g., conflict) and positive (e.g., empathy) (Stover et al., 2012; Jenkins et al., 2012).

Emotion Coaching:

Accepting emotions leads to better emotional development (Morey & Gentzler, 2017).

Emotion Dismissing:

Minimizing emotions leads to poor emotional regulation (Eisenberg et al., 1992).

Socioeconomic Disadvantage:

Addressing economic stress improves emotional and academic outcomes (Huston et al., 2001).

School-Based SEL Programs:

Improve emotional regulation and interpersonal skills (Durlak et al., 2011).

Positive Parenting Programs:

Enhance emotional development by improving parental responses (Leijten et al., 2017).

Kindness and Peer Relationships:

Acts of kindness improve peer acceptance and emotional well-being (Layous et al., 2012).

Peer Rejection:

Can hinder emotional understanding (Banerjee et al., 2011).

Peer Interactions:

Peer relationships teach empathy, altruism, and social skills (Sullivan, 1953).

Social Learning in Sibling Relationships:

Siblings influence emotional learning and regulation (Kramer, 2014).