Grassland Cultivation and Fodder Production Review

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering the biology, cultivation, and harvesting of grasslands, fodder crops, and grains based on the lecture transcript.

Grasslands are open areas dominated by perennial grasses and __________ species.

legume

In agricultural contexts, grasslands are areas where __________ grasses are grown for animal feed.

perennial

A __________ is a grassland covered with perennial grasses suitable for mowing.

Niit/heinamaa

A __________ is a grassland covered with perennial grasses that can withstand grazing.

Karjamaa

A __________ grassland can be used alternately for both mowing and grazing.

Universal

Natural grasslands grow and spread naturally without human __________ (e.g., floodplains, bogs).

intervention

__________ grasslands maintain their species composition only through human activities like extensive mowing or grazing.

Semi-natural (Poollooduslik)

Grassland cultivation aims to provide livestock farming with coarse and __________ fodder.

succulent

Plant species like red clover, timothy, and meadow fescue are primarily categorized as __________ plants.

meadow

Species like white clover, Kentucky bluegrass, and perennial ryegrass are categorized as __________ plants.

pasture

Tall fescue ($Festuca\,arundinacea$) is a "top grass" (pealiskõrreline) suitable for __________ groups of use.

both

The rotational system involves using a grassland for grazing for one year every __________ years.

$$2-4$$

It is recommended to have at least __________ hectares of cultured grassland per cow.

$$0.7+ ha$$

Grasslands as an ecosystem cover approximately __________ of the world's land area.

$$40.5\%$$

Approximately __________ of global grasslands are located in tropical developing countries.

$$68\%$$

Tropical savannas can have grass growth where plants reach __________ meters in height.

$$3-4\,m$$

Temperate grasslands like prairies and steppes are typically located in the __________ of continents.

interior

In Arctic polar grasslands (tundra), only the __________ layer melts during summer.

surface

Flooded grasslands like the Florida Everglades contain __________ plants (moisture-loving).

hygrophytic

Desert grasslands primarily consist of __________ plants (drought-resistant).

xerophytic

In Estonia, the production capacity of grasslands can reach over __________ dry matter (DM).

$$14-15\,t/ha$$

Grassland plants can remain stable for over __________ years.

$$30-40$$

Maximizing animal productivity often involves keeping animals in barns and using __________ feeds.

mixed (mikser-)

The root mass of grassland plants is approximately __________ DM.

$$5-10+ t/ha$$

Legume plants grow in symbiosis with nodule bacteria and can fix __________ of nitrogen.

$$200-400\,kg/ha$$

Legume taproots help regulate the soil's __________ regime by penetrating deep into the ground.

air

Grassland is considered the best protection against soil __________ caused by wind and water.

erosion

Carbon sequestration in grasslands is __________ as much as in field crops.

two times

Under long-term grasslands, the soil has a more diverse life of animals, bacteria, fungi, and __________.

archaea

According to PRIA, permanent grassland is land where grass mixtures have grown for at least __________ consecutive years.

$$5$$

Valuable permanent grassland is defined by Kadri Kask as being at least __________ years old.

$$10$$

On NATURA 2000 sites, permanent grasslands with __________ soil are strictly protected.

peat (turvasmuld)

On protected peat soils, damaging the vegetation through __________ or ditching is prohibited.

plowing

Long-term cultured grasslands are those with a duration of use exceeding __________ years.

$$5$$

High-quality silage should have a dry matter content of __________.

$$28-31\%$$

Target crude protein (toorproteiin) in silage is __________.

$$16-17\%$$

Silage digestibility (seeduvus) based on dry matter should be above __________.

$$64\%$$

The pH of high-quality silage should be below __________.

$$4.3$$

Metabolizable energy in silage should be greater than __________.

$$9.5\,MJ/kg$$

A grassland should be renovated if the sward contains less than __________ quality grasses.

$$50\%$$

A renovation is needed if more than __________ of the sward is couch grass or dandelion.

$$30\%$$

On moderately moist mineral soil, the dominant top grass (pealiskõrreline) is typically __________.

timothy (põldtimut)

On overly wet mineral soil, __________ is the recommended dominant top grass.

tall fescue (roog-aruhein)

Peat soils should use __________ as the dominant top grass and Kentucky bluegrass as the bottom grass.

reed canary grass (päideroog)

For clover to thrive, the soil pH should not be below __________.

$$5.8$$

Lucerne (alfalfa) requires a soil pH of at least __________.

$$6.0$$

In a clover-grass mixture, red clover should not exceed __________ in the seed mix.

$$5-6\,kg/ha$$

Optimal harvesting time for a single-maturity speed grassland is only __________ days.

$$3-4$$

Using tall fescue-dominated grasslands can delay the harvest time by about __________ days.

$$5$$

A typical seed mix for peat soil includes 60% reed canary grass, 35% timothy, and __________.

$5\%$ Kentucky bluegrass

The seeding rate for a peat soil mixture is typically __________.

$$25\,kg/ha$$

__________ is the amount of grass dry matter an animal eats in a day.

Intake (Söömus)

Intake can constitute up to __________ of an animal's body weight.

$$4\%$$

__________ describes an animal's preference for one feed over another when given a choice.

Palatability (Maitsvus)

Scientific name for timothy: __________.

$$Phleum\,pratense$$

Scientific name for meadow fescue: __________.

$$Festuca\,pratensis$$

Scientific name for white clover: __________.

$$Trifolium\,repens$$

German scientist __________ published "The Basics of Rational Agriculture" in 1809.

Albrecht Daniel Thaer

Fodder value is determined by crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, minerals, vitamins, and __________.

water

In Estonia, fodder value for all species is generally based on __________ energy.

metabolizable

A __________ is an essential nutrient or energy source that cannot be synthesized by the animal.

nutritional factor (toitefaktor)

Under the Weende methodology, EA stands for __________ extracts.

nitrogen-free

Under the Van Soest scheme, NDF stands for entire fiber content, including hemicellulose, cellulose, and __________.

lignin

ADF stands for __________ fiber, which is practically indigestible.

acid

The NIR(S) method stands for __________ spectroscopy.

near-infrared reflectance

NDF levels for legumes should be below __________.

$$46\%$$

NDF levels for grasses should be below __________.

$$55\%$$

Legumes are valued for being rich in protein and __________ while enriching soil with nitrogen.

minerals

High nutritional value species include white clover, lucernes, red clover, and __________.

ryegrasses

Medium value grasses include reed canary grass, tall fescue, and __________.

cocksfoot (kerahein)

__________ is a state where environmental factors exceed a plant's physiological tolerance limit.

Stress

__________ stress factors include moisture, temperature, light, and soil physics.

Abiotic

__________ factors include human activity, pests, diseases, and competition between species.

Biotic

In response to stress, plants may produce stress __________.

metabolites

Heavy soils may cause problems with magnesium uptake in spring due to high __________ content.

potassium ($K$)

__________ soils are prone to the leaching of nutrients and drought sensitivity.

Sandy

Peat soils and peat-forming soils require __________ drainage for grassland use.

strong

Kentucky bluegrass is considered __________ sensitive to soil fertility than perennial ryegrass.

less

__________ is higher on long-term cultured grasslands than on newly established natural areas.

Agrophon

Phosphorus and Calcium are often __________ in acidic soils.

deficient

Erosion risk is considered strong on slopes greater than __________.

$$10^{\circ}$$

Liming is generally needed if the soil pH is less than or equal to __________.

$$6.0$$

Excessive soil acidity leads to toxic levels of Al, Mn, and __________ for plants.

iron ($Fe$)

Nitrogen fertilizer use __________ soil acidification.

accelerates (forces)

Liming increases the availability of Ca, Mg, and __________ for plants.

phosphorus ($P$)

Active temperature for plant growth is defined as __________ and above.

$$\ge 10^{\circ}C$$

Effective temperature is defined as __________ and above.

$$\ge 5^{\circ}C$$

The vegetation period usually begins when the air temperature is permanently above __________.

$$5^{\circ}C$$

Grassland seeds begin to germinate at temperatures of __________.

$$1-2^{\circ}C$$

The most suitable air temperature for grassland plants is __________.

$$15-25^{\circ}C$$

The "wintering" stage that begins in mid-August is the __________ phase.

pre-rest (eelpuhke-)

The __________ phase occurs between December and mid-January, when cold tolerance is stable.

deep rest (sügavpuhke-)

In the early spring, cold tolerance depends on the weather during the __________ phase.

forced rest (sundpuhke-)

The first stage of cold acclimation is the __________ period (15 to 0 degrees).

cooling (jahenemise)

Clover-grasslands are sources of greenhouse gases like nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) and __________.

methane ($CH_4$)

Plants under snow-rich winters often face __________ stress.

biotic

A high temperature in the root neck zone under snow causes active respiration and the spread of __________ fungi.

snow mold (lumiseen)

Grasslands need __________ of rain from May to October.

$$360-500\,mm$$

Under water deficit, plant __________ decreases and leaves may overheat.

transpiration

Among legumes, __________ is the most drought-resistant.

lucerne