General pathology: Cell injury

Apoptosis

Necrosis

A selective irreversible injury is known as ___ where as an unselective cell injury is known as ___?

Inadequate blood supply to organ or body part

Define Ischemia?

When there is membrane damage W/ lysosomal enzymes

At what point does ischemia become irreversible?

Decrease in mitochondrial function -> decrease in ATP -> Decrease in Na pump (more solutes in cell) -> water build up in cell/ swelling

What is the pathway of ischemic cell injury?

Intracellular acidosis decreases protein synthesis resulting cell membrane defects. This causes lysosomes to rupture and RNAase and DNAase are released digesting the inside of the cell

With hypoxia cells will start anaerobic metabolism, why does this lead to cell death and rupture?

Fiborus connective tissue (scar tissue)

If there is a large number of cells killed or unable to be generated what will form to compensate for the dead tissue?

Small area of dead tissue due to failure of blood suply

Define infarct?

Reversible in which water will move into the cell causing it to swell.

Hydronic degeneration is what?

Bovine papular stomatitis (due to parapoxvirus)

What is an example of hydronic degeneration?

hydronic degeneration

identify the vacuolar degeneration of the cow tongue?

hydronic degeneration

identify the vacuolar degeneration of the of the oral cavity?

1. Excessive delivery of FFAs

2. Decreased oxidation/ use of FFAs

3. impaired synthesis of apoprotein

4. impaired formation of lipoproteins

5. impaired release of lipoproteins

What are the five causes of hepatic lipidosis?

Hepatic lipidosis

Identify the pathology?

Hepatic lipidosis

Identify the microscopic pathology of the liver?

Liver will be a firm pale tan-white w/ glycogen accumulation

Hepatic lipidosis is usually yellow and friable.

How is hepatolipidosis different from glycogen accumulation visually?

Excess glucocorticoids, DM, Hyperglycemia

What are the causes of glycogen accumulation in the liver?

Glycogen accumulation

What is the pathology represented by the yellow circle?

Glycogen accumulation

Identify the microscopic pathology of the liver?

Mis-folded proteins

lysosomal storage dz

Indigestible exogenous materials

What are some other forms of intracellular accumulation?

-hypoxic or ischemic inj

- Swelling and rupture of cell membrane causing inflammation and release of cellular content.

-Messy and pathological

What characteristics do we usually see with Necrosis?

Programed cell death in which cell shrinks due to physiological reasons

Cell membrane will stay intact forming apoptic bodies w/ no inflammation

What characteristics do we usually see w/ Apoptosis?

BAX and BAK proteins

In apoptosis intrinsic pathway a cell injury will occur stimulating what proteins to initiate the process?

BCL2, BCL-XL

What proteins regulate the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

cytochrom C which activates capases

What proteins do the mitochondria release to start the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

Fas and TNF receptor ligands.

What will trigger the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

9

8

The intrinsic pathway will use caspase __ and the extrinsic pathway will use caspase ___?

Irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus

Define pyknosis?

Fragmentation of nucleus

Define karyorrhexis?

Pale nucleus

Define Karyolysis?

Karyolsis.

After what stage do we usually see absence of a nucleus?

pyknosis

Identify the black circle?

Karyorrhectic cells

Identify the green circle?

karyolytic cells

Identify the Blue circle?

Dense and rigid texture of dead cells (maintain their shape) (kidney, heart ect..)

Define Coagulative necrosis?

Complete enzymatic digestion of cells- melting away (Brain)

Define liquefactive necrosis?

Cheesy, coagulate granulomatous reaction (lung TB)

Define caseous necrosis?

Saponification (fatty acids w/ calcium) (pancreatitis)

Define Fat necrosis?

Necrosis due to ischemia of distal extremities

Define Gangrenous necrosis?

Clostridium perfringens

What can cause gas gangrenous necrosis?

Coagulative necrosis of myocardial cells

What kind of necrosis is shown?

Coagulative necrosis of the kidney

What kind of necrosis is shown?

Suppurative (Liquefactive necrosis of the uterus)

What kind of necrosis is shown?

Liquefactive necrosis of the brain histo

What kind of necrosis is shown?

Liquefactive necrosis of the brain

What kind of necrosis is shown?

Caceous necrosis of the lung

What kind of necrosis is shown?

Fat necrosis of the pancreas

What kind of necrosis is shown?

Fat necrosis of the pancreas

What kind of necrosis is shown?

Cytoplasm,,

Collagin

Fibrin

RBC

Protein

Eosin will stain what pink?