Honors History Summer Work Notes

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Cash Crop

Farm crop raised to be sold for money.

Old World

Europe, Asia, Africa.

New World

North and South America, & the Caribbean.

5 commodities from the New World

Potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, sweet potatoes, and chili peppers.

5 commodities from the Old World

Rice, wheat, sugar cane, grapes, and livestock.

Impact of Potatoes on the Old World

Potatoes became a necessity for survival, created a more nutritional diet, and led to job creation and population booms.

Impact of Horses on the New World

Horses revolutionized Native life, changed hunting and warfare, travel, and were honored in culture.

Caste system in New Spain

Determined socioeconomic ranking based on blood lineage, where those of Spanish descent ranked highest.

Pueblo Revolt

A Native American revolt against the Spanish in the late 17th century that expelled the Spanish for over 10 years.

Encomienda System

A system of forced labor in Spanish colonies, viewed as a combination of feudalism and slavery.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Established the boundary in 1493 defining Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico.

Mestizo

A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.

What were Spain & France committed to spreading?

Catholicism.

What separated France from other imperial powers?

Good relationships with Native peoples were essential for trading.

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch and claimed the Hudson River.

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence River and claimed the region for France.

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec.

City founded by Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain

Quebec.

Reasons England joined colonizing the New World

Competition with Spain and France, Joint Stock Companies, and economic depression.

Joint-stock company

Spreads riches and risks of entrepreneurial endeavors, similar to a modern corporation.

Enclosure Movement

Consolidation of small landholdings into fewer larger farms in England, leading to severe poverty.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, founded in East Virginia.

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon to attack Native Americans for more land.

Puritan

A religious group seeking to purify the Church of England and seeking religious freedom in America.

Plymouth

Colony settled by the Pilgrims that merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Massachusetts Bay

Founded by Puritans for religious freedom.

Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware.

West Indies and Southern colonies

Locations of plantation colonies with a high demand for West African labor for cash crops.

Lord De La Warr

Governor of Jamestown who imposed a military regime and declared war on the Powhatan Confederacy.

House of Burgesses

The first legislative body in colonial America.

The Powhatans

A group of Indians who helped Jamestown settlers until food demands increased.

John Smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia.

Spanish caste system rankings

Criollo, mestizo, and mulatto.

The Middle Passage

The voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to North America and the West Indies.

The Northwest Passage

A sought-after water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and Alaska.

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan woman banished for her beliefs, she participated in forming Rhode Island.

William Penn

Quaker who founded Pennsylvania for religious freedom.

Métis

People of mixed Native American and French Canadian descent.

Roger Williams

Founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State.

Praying Towns

New England settlements for Christianizing various Native tribes.

Dissenters

Protestants who disagreed with the Church of England.

Chattel Slavery

A form of slavery where individuals are seen as property with their offspring also enslaved.

Quakers

Protestant reformers who believe in equality for all.

Jaques Cartier

French explorer who discovered the St. Lawrence River for France.

Moctezuma

Aztec emperor defeated by Hernan Cortes.

Hernando Cortes

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire.

Powhatan

Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes.