Bio102_Exam 3 Vocab

(Ch.17-24)

Angiosperms

(flowering plans). There are other kinds of plans – ferns_ mosses_ gymnosperms etc.The two major groupings of angiosperms are eudicots (often just called dicots) and monocots.

apical bud

located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot.

Apical Dominance

The suppression of growth near an apical meristem.

axillary bud

a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot or branch.

Collenchyma

are grouped in strands and help support young parts of the plant shoot. They have thicker and uneven cell walls. They lack secondary walls. Provide flexible support without restraining growth. Think about the strands in celery and you’ve got it.

companion cell

Each sieve-tube element has a _________________ whose nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells.

Cortex

Ground tissue external to the vascular tissue.

cuticle

A waxy coating called the _________helps prevent water loss from the epidermis.

dermal

The_________ is the plant's outer protection.

Epidermis

nonwoody plants the dermal tissue system consists of the _________– a layer of tightly packed cells.

Eudicots

Most ________have branching veins.The two major groupings of angiosperms are _________(often just called dicots) and monocots.

ground tissues

Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular are the __________system.

Internodes

the stem segments between nodes.

Lateral roots

________ branch off of the tap root.

Leaves

The _______ is the main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants.

Monocots

Seedless vascular plants and _________have a fibrous root system characterized by thin lateral roots with no main root. _________ is one of the two major groupings of angiosperms.

Nodes

An alternating system of ________. the points at which leaves are attached.

Parenchyma

Have thin and flexible primary walls. Lack of secondary walls. Are the least specialized. Perform the most metabolic functions. Retain the ability to divide and differentiate.

periderm

In woody plants protective tissues called _________replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots.

Petiole

which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.

Phloem

The _________ transports organic nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed.

Pith

Ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue.

root hairs

vast numbers of tiny _________ increase the surface area. _________need constant replacement and do not contribute to anchorage.

Root system

Seedless vascular plants and monocots have a fibrous __________. _________ is one of the two basic systems for vascular plants.

Roots

usually serve three basic functions. Anchorage_Absorption of water and minerals _ Storage of organic nutrients.

Sclerenchyma

are rigid because of thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin. They are dead at functional maturity. There are two types:Sclereids are short and irregular in shape and have thick lignified secondary walls_Fibers are long and slender and arranged in threads.

Shoot system

Vascular plants have two basic systems are Root system and _____________.

shoots

_______is another word for stems.

Sieve-tube elements

________________are alive at functional maturity

Stele

The vascular tissue of a stem or root is collectively called the ______. In angiosperms the ____ of the root is a solid central vascular cylinder. The ______ of stems and leaves is divided into vascular bundles

Stems

A ______ is an organ consisting of an alternating system of nodes and internodes.

Taproot

The ________is the main vertical root.

tissue system

Each plant organ has three types of tissue (dermal_vascular_ ground tissues). Each of these forms a __________. A functional unit that connects all the plants organs

Tracheids

_______are found in the xylem of all vascular plants.

vascular

The ______ tissue system carries out long-distance transport of materials between roots and shoots.

Vessel elements

_______________ are common to most angiosperms and a few gymnosperms. _____________align end to end to form long micropipes called vessels.

Xylem

The ______ conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots.

Apical meristems

are located at the tips of roots and shoots and at the axillary buds of shoots. _________ also elongate shoots and roots a process called primary.

Bark

consists of all the tissues external to the vascular cambium. (secondary phloem_periderm).

Cork cambium

The _____ replaces the epidermis with periderm which is thicker and tougher.Is one of the two lateral meristems.

Determinate growth

Some plant organs cease to grow at a certain size.

Endodermis

The innermost layer of the cortex is the _____________.

Guard Cells

Flanked by _______which regulate the opening and closing of the stomata.

Indeterminate growth

grow throughout its life!.

Lateral meristem

A ____________–(called a cambium in your lab) adds thickness to plants.There are two type of ___________: the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.

Leaf primordia

along the sides of the apical meristem.Give rise to leaves.

Lenticels

in the periderm allow for gas exchange between living stem or root cells and the outside air.

Meristems

are perpetually embryonic tissue and allow for indeterminate growth.

Mesophyll

is between the upper and lower epidermal layers.

Pericycle

The outermost layer of the vascular cylinder is the _______where lateral roots arise from.

Primary Growth

is the elongation of the roots and shoots by the apical meristems.

Primary Plant Body

Produces the ______________. (If a plant is herbaceous that means the entire thing_In a woody plant it’s the green parts).

Root cap

The tip of a root is covered by a __________. (Protects the apical meristem_Secretes a polysaccharide slime to lubricate the soil).

Secondary Growth

is the growth in thickness of stems and roots by the lateral meristems.______ is woody. _________ is characteristic of gymnosperms and many eudicots but not monocots.

Secondary Plant Body

Produces the_______________: (The secondary xylem – produced by the vascular cambium_The secondary phloem (the inner bark) – produced by the vascular cambium_Layers of periderm (the outer bark) – produced by the cork cambium_Secondary growth is woody).

Stoma

Stomata (singular:______). Pores found on the leaves_ Allow for gas exchange between the photosynthesizing cells in the leaf and the atmosphere.

Vascular cambium

The ____________adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem.Is one of the two lateral meristems.

Zone of cell division

Includes root’s apical meristem and derivatives_Where new root cells are made.

Zone of Differentiation

Root cells take on distinct phenotypes.

Zone of Elongation

In this zone root cells elongate sometimes 10X.

Apical Meristems

Primary plant growth is green non-woody growth that arises from which meristem?

Leaves

The primary plant organs are stems_ roots_ and (____).

Nodes

The parts of a stem where axillary buds are found and leaves are attached is the (____)

Ground

The primary plant tissues systems are dermal_ vascular_ and (_____) tissues.

Parenchyma Cells

What is the least specialized plant cell type; lacks secondary walls_ and carries out most metabolic functions?

Active transport

Plants use Proton Pumps (which require ATP) to move free H+ out of the cytoplasm. Like we have seen before this sets up a membrane potential. Most often the potential is used to take up solutes into the cell. (Direct cation uptake_Co-transport (Anions_Neutral molecules)).

Apoplastic route

via the cell walls and extracellular spaces.

Bulk Flow

If water and solutes use ________ to move any distance. Bulk Flow is the movement of a fluid driven by pressure.

Diffusion

The tendency of solutes to spread down a concentration gradient until there is a uniform distribution.

Mycorrhizae

a mutualistic association of plant roots and fungus.Plants significantly increase the available surface area for absorption (~300X) through a mutualistic association with fungi.

Osmosis

the diffusion of water.

Phloem Sap

Bulk Flow of sugars and some other solutes (_______) is conducted through the sieve-tube elements from the sugar sources to sugar sinks by positive pressure.

Phototropism

Plants that also have mechanisms to aim their photosynthetic tissue towards the light (___________).

Plasmolysis

If a flaccid cell is placed in an environment with a higher solute concentration the cell will lose water and undergo ___________.

Sugar sink

A ____ is a net consumer or depository of sugar (fruits_roots_ growing parts_ etc.).

Sugar source

A _______ is where sugar is generated (by photosynthesis or the breakdown of starch).

Symplastic route

via the continuum of cytosol through the plasmodesmata.

Transmembrane route

out of one cell

Transpiration

is the evaporative water loss from leaves. (It occurs via open stomata because the air outside the plant is often much drier_The negative pressure generated in the leaves by transpiration pulls the sap from the xylem).

Transpirational Pull

Xylem sap is transported mostly by negative pressure due to ________.

Turgid

If the same flaccid cell is placed in a solution with a lower solute concentration the cell will gain water and become ________.

Turgor pressure

is the pressure exerted by the cell wall against the protoplast.

Water Potential

So for practicality

Xylem Sap

Bulk Flow of water and minerals (__________) is conducted through the tracheids and vessel elements from the roots to the leaves largely by negative pressure.

Anions

Negatively charged ions (______) do not bind with soil particles and can be lost from the soil by leaching.

Bacterioids

Inside the root nodule Rhizobium bacteria (A specific rhizobacteria) assume a form called ____________ which are contained within vesicles formed by the root cell.

Carnivorous plants

are photosynthetic but obtain nitrogen by killing and digesting mostly insects.

Cation exchange

During ___________cations are displaced from soil particles by other cations. Displaced cations enter the soil solution and can be taken up by plant roots.

Cations

(for example K+ _Ca2+_ Mg2+) adhere to negatively charged soil particles.

Epiphyte

An ________ grows on another plant and obtains water and minerals from rain – technically it only uses the other organism for support and sometimes protection.

Less mobile nutrients

Deficiency of ___________________often affects the younger organs. Iron deficiency causes a yellowing in younger leaves.

Macronutrients

9 _____________ needed in relatively large amounts.are carbon_ oxygen_hydrogen_ nitrogen_ phosphorus_ sulfur_ potassium_ calcium_ and magnesium.

Micronutrients

8 ______________needed in smaller quantities.are chlorine_ iron_ manganese_ boron_ zinc_ copper_ nickel_ and molybdenum.

Mobile nutrients

Deficiency of _____________usually preferentially affect older organs. Magnesium deficiency causes chlorosis in older leaves.

Mutualism

The utilization of nitrogen fixing bacteria by plants is an example of___________.

Mycorrhizae

are mutualistic associations of fungi and roots. (The fungus benefits from a steady supply of sugar from the host plant.The host plant benefits because the fungus increases the surface area for water uptake and mineral absorption).

Nitrogen

may be the most “important” of the macronutrients for several reasons. (Biological activity: Nitrogen availability contributes more than any other element to plant growth and crop yield_Biological availability: Nitrogen must be in a biologically usable form. This must happen through the activity of prokaryotes or fertilizer companies_Ecological activity: Nitrogen is the most abundant non-point source pollutant contributing to algal blooms loss of fisheries etc. Fertilizer manufacture is a fossil fuel intensive procedure_Economic impact: Incalculable).NO3-

Nitrogen Fixation

Bacteria break down organic compounds or use N2 to produce NH3 (called ____________) which is converted to NH4+.

Nodules

Along a legume’s roots are swellings called __________ composed of plant cells “infected” by nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium bacteria.

Parasitic plants

absorb sugars and minerals from their living host plant.