Biology Final Exam

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

Cell Theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

Co-founder of cell theory

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain balanced

Two types of reproduction

asexual and sexual

sexual reproduction

The fusion of sperm and egg touching

asexual reproduction

The fusion of sperm and egg not touching

heredity information

DNA carries and stores information

Community

multiple species in a certain area

Population

one species in a certain area

Evolution happens at a ____________ ____________

population level

Ecosystem

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

Biome

A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms

atoms build

molecules

molecules build

cells

cells turn into

tissue

atom

Basic unit of matter

prokaryotes

No nucleus/ does not have membrane bound organelles

Eukaryote

Has a nucleus/ have membrane bound organelles (small organs)

How many electrons does a Chlorine valence shell have?

7 (2 in it's inner shell) (7 around it)

how to find atomic mass

protons + neutrons

isotope

different numbers of neutrons

cation of atoms

gain electrons

ation of atoms

lose electrons

carbohydrate molecule features

energy source

different structure of saccharides (sugars)

mono-saccharides, dia-saccharides, poly-saccharides

What is an example of mono-sacchardies?

glucose

What is an example of dia-sacchardies?

lactose, maltose, sucrose

What is an example of poly-sacchardies?

starch

Cellulose

A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms

amyloplasts

breaks down sugars(starches)

What happens in Hydroplysis?

breaks down fats

amphipathic (ampi- opposite end)

A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.

Levels of protein structure

1. Primary

2. Secondary

3. Tertiary

4. Quaternaryterm

Most simple level of protein structure

primary

Most complex level of protein structure

Quaternary

ATP

energy

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

synthesis lipids

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

synthesis proteins, ribosomes

What does the nucleoli make ?

RRNA (ribsomal RNA)

What are the folds in the mitochondria called?

cristae (folds itself so that it can gain more surface areas so that it can tact more energy into mitochondira)

Mitochondria

ATP (energy) production

3 Cell structures in plants

cell wall, large central vacuole, chloroplasts

Why is Down syndrome called trisomy 21?

has a extra chromosome

Trisomy 21

Carrying an extra copy of chromosome 21; also known as non-disjuction

Why didn't the chromosomes in Trisome 21 pull apart?

spindles would not pull them apart

fluid mosaic model

solubility in water (very fluid in water) -

It can get very big> hypotonic

It can get very small> hyperonic

integral protein

in the middle

peripheral proteins

to the side

Another name for integral protein?

Trans membrane proteins

main feature of plasma membrane

dealing with hydrophillic and hydrophobic (2 opposite ends)

active transport

Takes the most energy

Passive transport

Takes very little or no energy

Which transport goes with the concentration gradient ?

Passive transport

Which transport goes against the concentration gradient?

Active Transport

Phagocytosis (type of endocytosis)

bringing in solid (EX: bacteria cell)

Pinocytosis (type of endocytosis)

Bringing in liquids or oils

Ultimate source of energy for animals

Sun

Catabolic reactions (catabolism)

breaking down big molecules to make small things

Anabolic reactions (anabolism)

synthesis small things to make or build molecules

transfer of electrons

transfer of energy

Glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose (sugar) to pyruvate molecule

Autrophs

make their own food (EX: plants, algae, cyanobacteria)

Heterotroph

cannot make its own food (EX: animals, humans, fungus)

Stages of Mitosis

PMAT

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

stages of meiosis

PMAT PMAT

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I,

Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

Which phase is in between mitosis and meiosis ?

Interphase

3 phases of interphase

G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase

Which inter phase copies and duplicates chromosomes?

S phase (make or build)

Haploid

having 1 chromosomes (23)

Diploid

having 2 sets of chromosomes (46)

If we had an organism that had 50 diploid chromosomes, how many haploids would we have?

25

Miosis produces what?

sperm, eggs, spores, polar bodies (All of the above)

dominant allele

always shows up 3 out of 4 (75%) in the organism when the allele is present.

recessive allele

always shows up 1 out of 4 in the organism when the allele is present.

Phenotype

the physical appearance of an organism

Genotype

the genetic appearance of an organism

loci

Location of a gene on a chromosome

Alleles

Different forms of a gene

Test Cross

monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross

monohybrid cross

involves one trait (shows up as 4 boxes)

dihybrid cross

involves two traits (shows up as 16 boxes)

linked genes

genes that are located on the same chromosome/allele and tend to be inherited together

Barr body

Inactivated X chromosome

What did Franklin do?

made X-ray diffraction photos of DNA

What does DNA polymerase do?

Enzymes zips/bonds the nucleotides together to form the double helix

leading strand

in front

lagging strand

behind

DNA is known to be parallel or anti-parallel? and Why?

Anti-parallel, because they are going in two opposite directions

What bonds anti-parallel DNA?

complementary bases (A>T)(G>C)

What's the purpose of replication fork?

DNA helicase unwinds resulting DNA to split and the replication takes place

Telomeres

the ends of a chromosome

Human Genome project

help map out genetic code

Hypertonic

Causes a cell to shrink (EX: salt, sugar)

Hypotonic

Causes a cell to shrink (EX: water)

Isotonic

Causes a cell to swell

Enzymes

speeds up chemical reactions and lowers the activation

What process makes genetic diversity? Miosis or Mitosis ?

Miosis produces genetic diversity

Which phase did crossing-over happen?

prophase 1

How many X and Y does kinefelter syndrome have?

2 X and 1 Y (XXY) happens to male