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1

auxins, uses

  • weedkiller, causes the cells to grow too rapidly, killing it

  • rooting powder, apply to cutting of a plant, helps plant to grow as its a growth hormone

  • promote growth in tissue, when cloning plants, place cells from plant in growth medium containing auxin

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2

genetically modification

  • resistant to insect attack, herbicides, generally show increased yield

  • bacterial cells have been genetically engineered to produce useful substances such as human insulin to treat diabetes

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3

Negatives of IVF

side effects, hot flushes, severe headaches

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4

endocrine system

composed of glands which secrete chemicals, hormones, directly into the bloodstream, blood carries hormone to target organ, produces an effect

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5

controversy, darwin

the mechanism of inheritance and variation wasn’t known until 50 years after theory was published, insufficient evidence at the time to convict many scientists

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6

threaten food security

high input cost, make it too expensive to start and maintain food production, so lack of supply,

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7

selectie breeding

domestic dogs with a gentle nature,

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8

sexual reproduction

  • sperm and egg cells in animals

  • pollen and egg cells in flowering plants

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9

short sightedness,

concave lens in front of the eye, as the problem is that light is being focused in front of the retina f

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10

fertilisation

zygote, maturę into an embryo, number of cells increase by mitosis, embryo develops so cell begins to differentiate, or specialise

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11

embryo transplants

  • sperm and egg cells from parents with desirable features are obtained

  • lab, fertilised, to form an embryo

  • embryo divides may times, then inserted into a host mother

  • offspring born genetically identical

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12

long sightednes

  • light focused by lens behind the retina instead of onto it

  • placing convex lens in front of the eye

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13

plant, adaptations

  • potions, nette, deadly night shade

  • flowers, attract insects to pollinate them

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14

gibberellins

plant hormone responsible for growth and development, low concentration only needed, increase fruit size,
- brewing industry, germination of barley seeds increased to make malt

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15

ethene

ethene controls cell division and stimulates enzymes that result in fruit ripening

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16

examples of asexual reproduction

  • bacteria, production of spores by fungi

  • some, strawberry, use runners,

  • formation of tubers in potatoes

  • bulbs in daffodils

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17

19th century genetics

  • late,

  • behaviour of chromosomes during cell division was observed

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18

20th century

  • early, observed that chromosomes and Mendel’s units behaved in similar ways, led to idea the unit, now called genes, were located on chromosomes

  • mid 20th, structure of DNA was determined and the mechanism of gene function was worked out

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19

IUDS

  • copper, kill sperm in the uterus and stop any fertiliser embryos implanting in the uterus lining, t shapes, inserted into the uterus

  • plastic, progesterone, preventing the maturation and release of eggs, small risk of epotic pregnancy, put in by doctor, can cause irritation

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20

land pollution

landfill, toxic chemicals

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21

water pollution

sewage, fertiliser, toxic chemicals

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22

cornea

curved surface bends and focuses light onto retina,

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23

MRI

  • magnetic resonance imagery scanner

  • create image of the brain

  • show which parts of the brain is affected by a tumour, which part is active during a specific task

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24

electrical stimulation

  • may result in mental or physical change, providing info on the role this area of the brain has

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25

g.m crops

  • resistant to pests, extreme weather conditions, increase yield

  • increase nutritional value, good in placed they lack access to certain properties, golden rice, produce a chemical that converts in body to vitamin a

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26

mutations

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27

bacteria to produce insulin

  • plasmid removed from a bacterium

  • insulin gene cut out of a human chromosomes using a restriction enzyme

    • restriction enzyme recognise the specific sequences of DNA and cut the DNA at these points

  • the cut leaves one of the DNA strands with unpaired bases, called a sticky end

  • plasmid cut open using same restriction enzyme, leaving the same sticky end

  • plasmid and human insulin mixed

  • lipase added, joining the sticky ends together to produce recombinant DNA

  • recombinant DNA instead into a bacterium and modified bacterium, then grow in a vat under controlled conditions, end with loads of bacteria that produce insulin

  • taken and purified and harvested, to treat people with diabetes

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28
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