Lecture Notes on DNA, RNA, and Gene Regulation

Fill-in-the-blank flashcards to review key concepts from lecture notes on DNA structure, replication, transcription, translation, and gene regulation.

DNA consists of a _.

Chain of 5 carbon sugars joined by phosphate groups using phosphodiester bond.

Attached to the deoxyribose sugars are .

Adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine.

RNA has _ at the 2nd carbon.

OH

DNA has _ at the 2nd carbon.

H

At Carbon 1 of a nucleotide DNA there will be a _.

Base A/T/G/C

Carbon 5 of a nucleotide DNA _.

Attaches to the phosphate group of the next molecule in line.

_ has a direction from the 5' prime carbon to the 3' prime carbon

DNA has a direction from the 5' prime carbon to the 3' prime carbon

_ are the double ring nitrogenous bases.

Purines

_ are the single ring nitrogenous bases.

Pyramidines

In mRNA thymine is replaced by _.

Uracil

Chargaff's rules state that _.

Ratio of A:T and C:G is always 1:1.

Each phosphate group is a , also known as .

Bridge; a phosphodiester bond

The ends of a polynucleotide chain are referred to as the _ ends respectively.

5' and 3'

The Watson and Crick model is _.

Double stranded; consists of 2 polynucleotide strands; sugar phosphate groups are on the outside

Antiparallel is _.

S-3 vs 3-5

Complementary base-pairing is _.

Adenine pairs with thymine, guanine pairs with cytosine

Two exact copies of the parental DNA molecule with one 'old' and one 'new' strand is _.

Semi-conservative replication

_ adds nucleotides to new complementary strands.

DNA polymerase

DNA polymerases can only _.

Add a nucleotide to the 3' end (-OH) of an existing chain

Multiple Enzymes Coordinate their activities when talking about DNA replication: such as _.

Helicase, DNA polymerase, repair nuclease, topoisomerase, single stranded DNA binding proteins, DNA ligase

Main Steps with DNA replication .

Unwinding and separation of strands, RNA primers provide the starting point, Elongation 5'3'

_ removes the RNA-DNA exonuclease activity; gets rid of RNA but doesn't finish joining phosphate backbone leaving nicks.

DNA poly 1

_ is an enzyme that seals nicks in DNA.

Ligase

_ scan DNA for distortions due to mispairing and break the backbone on each side of the mismatch.

Repair enzymes

_ reads the template strand in 3'-5' direction and makes RNA that is complementary to the DNA.

RNA polymerase 2

_ equals one amino acid in polypeptide.

Codon

Regarding the Genetic Code, _.

61 codons specify amino acids

The _ determines where transcription will initiate.

TATA box

_ is the part of the gene copied into RNA, only this is translated into mRNA.

Transcription unit

_ bind to the promoter region around the area of TATA box which then allows RNA poly to find transcription start site and bind to DNA.

Proteins called transcription factors

In termination of transcription _.

RNA poly and new RNA transcript dissociate from the DNA.

_ is unique to eukaryotes, plays a role in control of gene expression.

RNA processing/post transcriptional modification of RNA

Eukaryotic protein-coding genes contain non-coding elements such as _.

Exons, Introns, 5'UTR and 3'UTR

_ is added to the 5' end of transcript, cap = guanine triphosphate or GTP molecule.

A 5' cap

The addition of a _ is added to the 3'UTR one adenine at a time, this protects RNA and assists with efficient translation.

Poly A tail

_ removes introns and joins exons.

mRNA splicing removes introns and joins exons

Multiple components for protein synthesis includes: mRNA, Ribosomes, amino acids that make protein chain and _.

tRNAs that carry the amino acids to the ribosome and bind to the mRNA

_ states that pairing with 3rd nt of codon is more flexible, same tRNA can read C or U.

Wobble hypothesis

In Initiation (Translation) _.

Components assemble, initiator tRNA binds with small ribosome subunit, finds 5'cap on mRNA

In Termination (Translation) _.

Ribosome reaches a stop codon

Many proteins need helper proteins called _ to fold into 3D shapes.

Chaperones/chaperonins

Gene changes that affect protein structure and function can include _.

Base Pair mutations (Silent, Missense, Nonsense, Frameshift)

All cells of an organism share the same genes, _.

Structural and functional differences determined by patterns of gene expression that result in different sets of proteins

E Coli catabolizes a number of sugars and is powered by a _.

Carbohydrate source

The _ is the site to which RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription of several genes of operon.

Promoter

The _ is a short segment to which a regulatory protein binds.

Operator

Activators in control/regulatory sytems : _.

CAP switches genes on when active

_: genes are expressed unless they are switched off by a repressor (regulator protein).

Negative Control

_: genes are expressed only when activator (regular protein) is present.

Positive Control

_ -produce in inactive form CAMP-the "hunger molecule" (CAMP is HIGH when glucose is low

Catabolic activator protein (CAP)

The presence of glucose leads to a process called _.

Catabolic Repression

Genes are regulated by location and time points, therefore _.

Principles of lac operon can be applied to more complex systems.

_ therefore the principles of lac operon can be applied to more complex systems.

Genes are regulated by location and time points (internal + external Factors