Biology Lecture Review

Flashcards about biology lecture notes

What is the term for the clear area surrounding an antibiotic disc on an agar plate?

Zone of inhibition

What does a larger zone of inhibition indicate?

More effective antibiotic against the bacteria

What can happen if someone stops taking antibiotics early?

Bacteria can become resistant to the medicine.

What is a species?

A group of organisms that can reproduce together

What is classification?

Sorting organisms into groups

Name three factors used in classification.

Size/shape, evolutionary history, and observable features

Why is it important to have a classification system for living organisms?

Provides common information and shows evolutionary history (phylogeny)

What is phylogeny?

Evolutionary history and how organisms are related to each other

Name three observable features used in classification.

Behavior, physiology, and genetics/physical characteristics

What is physiology in the context of classification?

How an organism functions

What are pathogens?

Microbes that cause disease

What is an infection?

A disease caused by pathogens

Name three types of pathogens.

Bacteria, viruses, and fungi

How do viruses cause infections?

Invade our cells and then multiply and rupture cells

How do fungi cause infections?

Invade our skin and tissues and damage them

Give two examples of fungal infections.

Athlete's foot and ringworm

What do yeast use for growth and reproduction?

Flour, sugar, water

What gas do yeasts produce?

Carbon dioxide

What is antibiotic resistance?

Superbugs; bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics

How does antibiotic resistance develop?

During reproduction; bacteria quickly reproduce and a population of bacteria is immune to medicine

Where does food move to after digestion?

Small intestine

What are the functions of the small intestine?

Complete digestion and absorb nutrients

After the small intestine, where does undigested food go?

Large intestine

What happens to undigested food in the large intestine?

It becomes feces

Where does waste food pass out of the body?

Anus

What are examples of environmental factors that can affect variation?

Nutrient availability, exposure to sunlight or x-rays

What can examining fossils tell us about organisms?

Size, shape, speed (from footprints), how they were built

What is a vaccine?

Medicine that contains dead or weakened pathogens

How do vaccines work?

Vaccine enters body and triggers immune system

What is the purpose of memory cells?

To produce antibodies to attack microbes

What allows the body to have defense against microbes?

Memory cells

What is immunization?

The insertion of a vaccine

What is a chemical reaction that happens in living cells?

Cellular respiration

What is used as 'fuel' in cellular respiration?

Glucose

What are the products of cellular respiration?

Carbon dioxide, water, and energy

What gas is necessary for cellular respiration?

Oxygen

What transports oxygen around the body?

Bloodstream

What structures allow passage of inspired and expired air?

Bronchi

What do bronchi divide into?

Bronchioles

What are alveoli?

Air sacs at the end of bronchioles

What is emphysema?

Damage to alveoli in the lungs

What is blood designed to do?

Carry carbon dioxide and oxygen

What is the purpose of an agar plate?

To grow bacteria cultures

What are antibiotics?

Medicines that kill bacteria

What are variations?

Differences within a species

Name 3 different classification groups

Kingdom, phylum, species

What is a dichotomous key?

A tool used to identify organisms based on paired choices

What are the two main types of cellular respiration?

Aerobic and Anaerobic

How do bacteria reproduce?

Binary fission

What are endospores?

Dormant bacterial cells that are highly resistant to environmental stress

What is the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?

The structure of their cell walls and how they react to Gram staining.

Is mold a type of bacteria, virus, or fungi?

Fungi

What is pasteurization?

A process that kills microbes, often in milk.

What are probiotics?

Beneficial bacteria in the body

How can mutation lead to variations?

Mutations introduce new traits

What is natural selection?

Organisms that are best fit for the environment survive to reproduce

How does climate change impact evolution??

Forces species to adapt or face extinction

What is genetic drift?

Changes in the frequency of traits that does not increase or decrease reproductive advantage

What is gene flow?

The movement of genes between populations

Is MRSA a virus, fungi, or bacteria?

Bacteria

What is the function of the lungs?

To oxygenate blood

What is the definition of cardiovascular disease?

A disease of the blood vessels or heart

What are autoimmune diseases?

Disease in which the body attacks itself.

Is strep throat viral, bacterial, or fungal?

Bacterial

Is the flu viral, bacterial, or fungal?

viral

What can cause disease?

Pathogens

What causes pneumonia?

Bacteria

Where does the respiratory system start?

The nose and mouth

How can a virus enter the body?

Through the nose, mouth, mucous membranes

What is horizontal gene transfer?

Transfer of genes between cell of same generation

How does a virus reproduce?

It injects its DNA into host cells

What is the function of the immune system?

Protect the body from harmful agents

How does HIV affect a person?

It attacks and depletes the immune system.

What is a communicable disease?

A disease that can spread from one organism to another.

What can cause non-communicable diseases?

Genetics, environment, lifestyle choices

How can variation affect disease risk?

Some variations make individuals more susceptible to diseases.

What is the function of the circulatory system?

Transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones

Give an example of an organ

Heart, Lungs, Stomach

Give an example of a tissue

Connective, muscle, epithelial

Give an example of a cell

Neuron, Epithelial, Muscle

List the order of organization in the body

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

What can genetics tell us?

Genetic makeup, predispositions

Name 2 human diseases

Cancer, HIV

What is PCR?

Technique that amplifies RNA

Name several ways to classify species.

Morphological traits (shape) and genetic similarity

What is the difference between cellular DNA and RNA?

DNA = double helix, RNA = single-stranded helix

What can change the phenotype of an organism?

Environmental conditions

What happens when there is a shortage of nutrients?

Organisms compete

What is the role of the mitochondria?

ATP production

What is a population?

A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area.

What are characteristics of cancerous cells?

Uncontrolled replication

Which evolved earlier, prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells?

prokaryotic

Is it better to have a generalist or specialist relationship with your food source?

Generalist: able to eat from other sources

What are the five kingdoms?

Animal, plant, protist, fungus, monera

How fast can bacteria replicate?

Every 20 minutes

How does antibiotic overuse promote antibiotic resistance?

Removes competition for resistant strains

Without what gas would many organisms die?

Oxygen

What does a phylogenetic tree show?

Evolutionary relationships

What is a type of cell that protects and surrounds?

Epithelial

For what is ATP used?

Energy