HOA AMACE: INDIA 1

Varsa

Division of the earth or continent

Varna

Division of class

Sandstone

Used for steps, facing, columns, flooring, walls, road metal, ornamental carving

Marble

Makrana in India. Usually in white and is used in construction, mosaic, carving, sculpture

Granite

Deccan Plateau; Intrusive Igneous Rock

Soapstone

Volcanic Potstone; Metamorphic talc schist

Taekwood

Burma

Deodar Cedar

Cedrus Deodora Softwood

Shisham

Indian Rosewood

Secularism

No state religion; Supports in a neutral manner; Freedom to choose any religion

Religion

Basis of social structure

Vedhism

Polytheistic sacrificial religion; Worship of male divinities; Service replaced sacrifice; No concept of karma and reincarnation

Brahmanism

Dominant Priesthood

Hinduism

Believes in reincarnation (escaping material life and extinguishing desire); Extreme self denial

HINDU: Swastika

Reincarnation

HINDU: Lotus

Birth or Seat of Brahma

HINDU: Lord Brahma

Chief God; Has 4 heads, 3 represents the trinity; Creates, destroys, maintains, and recreates

HINDU: Shiva

Fertility; Yogis, aadi Yogi; The god of destruction

HINDU: Vishu

Narayana, Rama; Maintainer, Preservation

HINDU: River

Each of these is a manifestation of a god; Sacred and purifying; Washes away the sins of the people

HINDU: Cow

Mother earth, source of goodness

HINDU: Namaste

Non-Contact

Macrocasm

Symbol of the entire universe

Brahman

Traditional Societal class; Hindu priest, adviser, intellectual leader

Shatriya

Solder, Ruler, Military Leader, Large Landowner

Vaisha

Merchant, Traders, Farmers

Shudra

Lowest; Artisans, Laborers, servants

Dalits

"Untouchables" outside varna

Jainism

Enlightenment = non-violence; Reincarnation; Karma is how you are incarnated

Agam Sudra

Sacred Text

Derasar / Basadi

Jain Temples; Sculptural Ornaments

Digambaras

Sky Clad/Naked

Savetambaras

"White clad" with white robes

Buddhism

Ancient; Originated in the North-Eastern India in the 5th Century; Achived salvation (nirvana); International pilgrimage and learning

Buddha

Awakened One/ Supreme intelligent one

Siddhartha Gautama

A sakya prince who had an awakening at 35 sitting under a bodhi tree; He became a buddha after, the Gautama Buddha

Theravada

Lesser Vehicle; Incient rules maha; States that one's enlightenment should be achieved through self-effort, had no distinct gods, and fought for equality

Mahayana

Had people to help one achieve nirvana, had gods, and religious merit

Emperor Ashoka

3rd most powerful Mauryan emperor; First pan empire

Sikhism

Principle of equality; They all wear turbans and change their names and rejects discrimination

SIKHISM: Men

Singh (lion)

SIKHISM: Women

Kaur (princess)

GURDWARA

Place of worship for sikh

NISHAN SAHIB

Sikh flag in the color of saffron

Khanda

Symbol of the Sikh faith

Islam

Started in the 7th Century; Arabic merchants conquered sindh in 12th century on Punjab, Northern India

Gujarat State

A major trading hub

Mohammed

Founder of islam. He received revelation from archangel gabriel and saw him everywhere

Quaran

Sacred Scripture

Indus Civilization

Important ancient civilization in the bronze age; Largest of the 3; Flourished in the alluvial plains of the indus river

Mehrgargh

Neolithic. First Urban Civilization of Southeast asia and had mud brick houses and granaries

Harappa

Urban Planning; Baked Brick houses; Sewage systems; Non-residential buildings; Achaemenid Empire Influence

Harappa: Bottom House

Work area

Harappa: Top of the House

Area for grains

Mohenjo Daro

Largest settlement with 40,000 residents and 500 acres of land; Best preserved city and is the seat of power (indus)

Mohenjo Daro Citadel

Had a great bath and an exceptional monument; Had 700 wells and had no state interest

Mohenjo Daro Lower Town

Rectilinear grid system

Lothal

The mound of the dead (gujarat); The town was divided into 2 blocks and was set on a 1-2m high platform of sun-dried brick. Each houses had private wells

Dholavira

Older than Lothal. It is a rectangular shaped civilization with 22 hectares of land. They had water reservoirs and the city was protected with double rampants and the whole thing was entirely made out of stone

Dholavira Mansar

North in Dholavira

Dholavira Manhar

South in Dholavira

Ashoka

Greatest Mauryan King; He conquered kalinga and built temples; Because of him, india became a great center of learning

Ure

Cave temples/ Rock Cut Sanctuaries

Rhats

Rock cut temples; The first rock cut technique was from Ashoka

Stupa

Main place of worship

Chatya Grihis

Temples / assembly halls

Vharas

Monasteries

Rock-Cut Stupa

Rear end of the hall; Aisle formed on a series of massive columns crowned in males and female riding on elephants

Pradaakshina Patha

Circumambulation

Barabar

4 Caves

Nagarjuni

3 caves

Chaitra Arch

Chandrashala

Ajanta Caves

29 rock-cut buddhist cave monuments

Viharas

Monastery; Living quarters for monks with open shared space

Viharas Lotus

Spiritual Growth; Enlightnemnet

Viharas Wheel of Law

Wheel of Darma; Represents the Buddha's career as a teacher

Viharas Bodhi tree

Enlightenment

Viharas Mandala

Cosmos Microcasm

Viharas Circle Mandala

Universe, Heaven

Viharas Square Mandala

Earth

Viharas Lion

Strength

Viharas Gray Elephant

Uncontrolled Mind

Viharas White Elephant

Tamed and controlled (has reached nirvana)

Stupas

Topes. Heap in Sanskrit; STU: Worship, praise; Their forms is similar to tumili and borrows; Represents the enlightened mind of a buddha

Stupa Cone Shape

Fire

Stupa Canopy

Air

Stupa Volume

Space

Chatra

Umbrella. Sign of royalty or high rank

Harmika

33 gods; A balcony like structure that depicted the abode of gods

Anda

Cupula/Mound; Womb; Infinite Space of the sky

Medhi

Upper passage that leads to the terrace

Pradakshina patha

A path laid around the stupa

Cicumbulation

Clockwise

Sopana

Staircase going to the Medhi

Vedira

Railing Enclosure that has vertical post and crossbar

Torana

Ceremonial Gateway; Each at cardinal directions acting as a directional guide